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experimental psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Are memories stored in the hippocampus?

A

No

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2
Q

What are the stages of memory?

A
  1. Sensory memory
  2. Short-term memory
  3. Long-term memory
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3
Q

What ensures that the information stays in short term memory(STM)?

A

Repetition, rehearsal

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4
Q

What ensures that info stays in long term memory(LTM)?

A

Recall

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5
Q

Which memory is the iconic memory?

A

Visual sensory memory

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6
Q

Which memory is the echoic memory?

A

Auditory sensory memory

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7
Q

What effects happen in a serial recall?

A

A primacy and recency effect

Items at the beginning or end of a list are remembered better than the items in the middle

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8
Q

What is the Modality effect?

A

The recency effect is bigger for auditory than for visual items

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9
Q

How do you get better recall?

A

With repetition

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10
Q

What are the 4 components of Working memory by Allan Baddeley?

A
  1. A phonological loop
  2. A visuo-spatial scratchpad
  3. Central executive
  4. An episodic buffer
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11
Q

What is the central executive for?

A

Coordination

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12
Q

What is the episodic buffer for?

A

Integration STM/LTM

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13
Q

Dual task interference can be explained by the distinction of which systems?

A

Verbal and spatial

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14
Q

In which 3 codes is the long-term memory stored?

A
  1. Verbal: semantic level
  2. Visual: mental images
  3. Motor
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15
Q

What stages involve remembering?

A
  1. Encoding
  2. Storage
  3. Retrieval
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16
Q

What is chuncking?

A

Recording material into the smallest number of memory elements

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17
Q

Elaborative encoding?

A

Verbal memory improves with depth of processing

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18
Q

To which part of the brain is the semantic encoding related?

A

Lower left frontal lobe

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19
Q

Dual-coding theory of Paivio?

A

Better memorization if the information is stored in a verbal and pictorial code

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20
Q

Retrieval cues?

A

Successful retrieval of a memory depends on the presence of an appropriate cue that brings the memory into consciousness

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21
Q

Transfer specific processing?

A

Easier to remember semantic coding than phonemic coding. It depends on the task.

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22
Q

Von-Restorff-effect?

A

2 3 4 5 2 A 6 7 4 3 -> The A pops up

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23
Q

Flashbulb memories?

A

Vivid details are memorized during a dramatic event

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24
Q

What is interference?

A

An obstruction in the retrieval of a memory event that is stored in LTM

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25
Q

Retrograde amnesia?

A

Amnesia for events that took place prior to the accident

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26
Q

Anterograde amnesia?

A

Amnesia for events that follow accident= learning problem

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27
Q

Transient transglobal amnesia?

A

Amnesia that lasts for a short time, often after a stroke.

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28
Q

Functional amnesia?

A

Multiple personality disorder in which a patient is unaware of any events occurring while the ‘other’ person was prominent

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29
Q

Organic amnesia?

A

Caused by brain damage in contrast with functional amnesia

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30
Q

Childhood amnesia?

A

Earliest episodic memories starts around 3 years. In rats, this also happens because their hippocampus isn’t developed fully

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31
Q

Penfield?

A

The first one to perform surgery on patients with epilepsy

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32
Q

Karl Lashley?

A

Studied the engram and concluded there was no single structure solely responsible for memory

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33
Q

Does the hippocampus play a crucial role in memory?

A

Yes

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34
Q

Where is the long-term potentiation located?

A

Hippocampus

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35
Q

How do you initiate the LTP?

A

Presynaptic glutamate must be attached to the post- synaptic NMDA receptors

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36
Q

Why are emotional experiences better remembered?

A

Because of the amygdala, located next to the hippocampus

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37
Q

What is the Korsakoff syndrome?

A

Due to chronic vitamin B1 deficiency. The patients appear normal but can barely remember recent events

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38
Q

What is the implicit memory?

A

Information stored in the absence of a conscious memory

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39
Q

What brain structures are active in behaviors that produce pleasure?

A

The nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bundle, and hypothalamus

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40
Q

Operant conditioning?

A

Skinner, rewarding learning

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41
Q

Clasiical conditioning?

A

Pavlov, conditioned vs unconditioned stimulus

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42
Q

Acquisition?

A

Multiple CS-US are usually necessary in order to make a CS evoke a CR

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43
Q

Extinction?

A

CS are presented without the US; the CR will weaken after a while. Sometimes however, recovery occurs

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44
Q

Positive reinforcer?

A

When a reward is given, it increases the chance that the behavior will be repeated in the future?

45
Q

Negative reinforcer?

A

Increases the chances that the behavior will. be repeated in the future due to removal of an unpleasant stimulus

46
Q

Mirror neurons?

A

Implicit learning and the
understanding of others. The neuron responds to the
execution of a grasp and to the observation of a
grasp. The understanding of the meaning of the
observed actions that determined the discharge in the hidden condition

47
Q

Morpheme?

A

The smallest word component that has its own meaning. Dog is 2 morphemes, dog + ‘s’. Syllables are grouped into morphemes

48
Q

Examples of primary or unconditioned reinforces?

A

Food, electric shocks

49
Q

Examples of secondary or conditioned reinforces?

A

Money, airmiles

50
Q

What is a phoneme?

A

Smallest difference between

two sounds that indicates a difference in meaning

51
Q

Semantics?

A

Meaning expressed by the language

52
Q

Prosodic qualities?

A

Rhythm, duration, intonation and loudness

53
Q

When phonemes are combined, they produce….

A

morphemes

54
Q

Broca?

A

Deficit in production

55
Q

Wernicke?

A

Perception deficit

56
Q

When is the indirect phonological route used?

A

Used for low-frequency words, slower that the direct route. It’s required for non-existing pseudo-words like mave

57
Q

When is the direct or lexical route used?

A

For high frequency words

58
Q

Surface dyslexia?

A

Patient can read normal & pseudo words, but exception words a regularised (pint is pronounced as if it rhymes with mint) damage to the direct route

59
Q

Phonological dyslexia?

A

Patient can read normal and exception words, but not pseudowords; damage to the phonological route

60
Q

Deep dyslexia?

A

Similar to phonological dyslexia, but the patient also makes semantic mistakes; reads ‘chair’ instead of ‘table’; A severe damage to the phonological route with semantic problems. They can only read through a lexical àsemantic route

61
Q

What problems have dyslexic people?

A

Visual stimuli in general(V5), or basic problems in auditory perception of short-term stimuli

62
Q

What is a classic view?

A

A person learns to recognise objects and

discovers a rule that defines the members of a category. This is often very artificial

63
Q

What are prototypes and natural categories?

A

Members of a category have a family resemblance in the absence of defining characteristics (e.g. what is a “game”)

64
Q

What are semantic network models?

A

contain concepts that are interconnected. When reading/hearing a word, information flows through the whole network and there is a spreading of activation.

65
Q

Selective deficit?

A

A patient had problems when asked to name pictures from just one semantic category

66
Q

Availability bias?

A

Information that is easy to access, has a large impact on our decision: For example, your decision to drive (or not) after drinking alcohol will depend on whether you recently had an accident or a fine involving alcohol

67
Q

Statistical misconceptions( gambler’s fallacy)?

A

A coin or a roulette is ‘fair’, and after 6 balls on red, the next ball should fall on black)

68
Q

Confirmation tendency?

A

More value is attributed to information that supports a presumption than information that disproves it (E.g., people believe that ‘German cars are reliable’, although they spend more time in the garage than Japanese cars)

69
Q

What is an algorythm?

A

A procedure that always leads to the correct solution (finding the shortest route by checking ALL possible routes)

70
Q

Heuristic?

A

‘rule of thumb’ —> not always produce the correct answer, but is often practical ( only take routes that decrease the Euclidean distance between A & B)
- one way is to decompose the problem into sub-goals (means-end analysis)—> why does the engine not start? gas, power

71
Q

Deductive reasoning?

A

Narrowing down from general to specific (if…then..) —> valid reasoning

72
Q

Inductive reasoning?

A

Narrowing from specific to general

73
Q

What is a treatment option for patients with epilepsy?

A

Dissection of the corpus callosum

74
Q

Split brain patients?

A

Left hemisphere does not know what is going on in the right hemisphere, word that is projected in the left visual field/right hemisphere cannot be named because speech
production is normally located in the left hemisphere.

75
Q

Which part of the brain represents the conscious?

A

Left hemisphere

76
Q

Which part of the brain represents the unconscious?

A

Right hemisphere

77
Q

Problem of the homunculus?

A

Illusion that there’s a person in us that feels, sees, controls

78
Q

Intentionality?

A

Conciousness is about objects or events that need attention

79
Q

Unity?

A

Only one object can be attended at a time

80
Q

Selectivity?

A

At the expense of other stuff that could enter the mind

81
Q

Qualia?

A

Subjective experience

82
Q

Transient?

A

The content changes all the time. The content of consciousness changes all the time, event if the object is constant.

83
Q

What are the four basic properties of consciousness?

A

Intentionality, unity, selectivity, transience of consciousness

84
Q

Selective attention?

A

Subject focuses on one aspect; cocktail party effect, stroop task

85
Q

Divided attention?

A

Subject divides attention over multiple tasks; talking while driving a car

86
Q

Spatial attention?

A

How do subjects shift attention in space. Visual attention is often in the fovea, but not always

87
Q

Attention as glue?

A

Attention is needed to bind different features of an object into a unified whole

88
Q

Sustained attention?

A

Subject has to mantain focus for a longer period of time; process controller

89
Q

Early selection theory?

A

There is an all-or none filter that is tuned to specific physical characteristics such as location, loudness or pitch.

90
Q

Late selection?

A

The unattended signal is processed up to high levels. Only at the final level of consciousness, selection occurs on the basis of semantic characteristics

91
Q

Subliminal processing?

A

A shorty presented stimulus stays under the threshold of consciousness because it is presented too fast, but this unnoticed stimulus is nevertheless processed up to a semantic level

92
Q

Semantic priming?

A

A target word is recognized faster if precede by a semantically related prime than in an unrelated prime

93
Q

Endogenous cues?(Posner)

A

Free will.
A central arrow points towards the probable location of the target.
Endogenous shifts are slow.

94
Q

Exogenous cues?(Posner)

A

Automatically.
A sudden flash or sound from a location out of fovea can attract attention in an exogenous way.
Exogenous cueing is fast.

95
Q

Feature Integration Theory of Attention?

A

Focused attention is required to bind separate features of an object like colour, form or motion together (Anne Treisman)

96
Q

Unilateral visual neglect?

A

Is an attention deficit:patient focuses his/her attention on the ipsilateral field, pathologically neglecting the other side (often right-parietal damage, neglect of the left side). Also possible for auditory or haptic modalities

97
Q

Extinction?

A

Milder variant of neglect.

The patient perceives a single object on their left, but if there are 2, then only the right object is perceived.

98
Q

Balint’s syndrome?

A

A rare disease (bilateral posterior parietal lesions) where the patient can only see one object at a time and cannot voluntarily shift attention to new location

99
Q

Blindsight?

A

Patients suffer from dissociation between conscious perception and behaviour.Stimuli presented in the right visual field are not perceived
consciously. However, when the patient is asked to guess, he is able to detect stimuli, as well as discriminate and localise them

100
Q

What part of the brain is damaged in patients with blindsight?

A

V1(primary visual cortex)

101
Q

Insomnia?

A

Person experiences trouble falling asleep

102
Q

Apnea?

A

Pauses in breathing during which a person suddenly awakes to breath

103
Q

Narcolepsy?

A

Person suddenly falls asleep, often at times when aroused

104
Q

Sleepwalking?

A

Happens during phase 4( not during REM)

105
Q

Arhythmical sleplessness?

A

Due to nightshifts or jet-lag

106
Q

When does Stage-4 sleep occur?

A

Beginning of the night

107
Q

What does fMRI-data during REM-sleep show?

A
  • More (in red) activation of amygdala (emotional), visual (association) areas, motor cortex and brain stem
  • Less (in blue) activation in the prefrontal cortex
108
Q

Hypnosis?

A

State of heightened suggestibility. Induction through focus on an object and relaxation. You cannot be hypnotized against your will

109
Q

Hypnotherapy?

A

Therapy that can help you to recover forgotten memory from your childhood (turned out to be false)

experimental psychology (4 decks)

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