Emotion and Motivation

Question 1

What are the 2 dimensions of the feeling of emotions that can be represented in a 2-dimensional map?

Answer 1

• Valence (from positive to negative)

- Quantitative (from passive to active)

Question 2

James Lange theory?

Answer 2

An emotion arises because we feel the reaction of the body. A stimulus elicits a reflex-like reaction in the autonomic nervous system. This reaction, when sensed, is experienced as a feeling

Question 3

Cannon-Bard theory?

Answer 3

A stimulus simultaneously activates the autonomic nervous system and the cortex via the thalamus

Question 4

Schachter and Singer’s theory of emotion?

Answer 4

There is an undifferentiated psychological arousal of the autonomic nervous system and a cognitive interpretation of the situation. Emotions are the cognitive inferences about the aroused state

Question 5

Schacter and Singer classical experiment?

Answer 5

Participants were injected with adrenalin, a hormone that stimulates the sympathic nervous system. Some participants were told that there would be no effect of this injection while others were informed that it would make their heart race.
Findings: Participants with no foreknowledge of the effects of the injection reported emotions which matched those of the stooge. Those who knew the effects of the injection did not report the emotion

Question 6

What system is known for its role in emotions?

Answer 6

Limbic system

Question 7

What does amygdala involved in?

Answer 7

Making fast decisions(appraisal) about objects

Question 8

What parts of the body were removed in Kluver-Bucy?

Answer 8

Temporal lobes and amygdala in a monkey

Question 9

What behaviors did the monkeys from Kluver-Bucy exhibit?

Answer 9

Few emotions, lack of fear, hypersexual and could not distinguish between good and bad

Question 10

Nucleus Accumbens by Olds and Milner?

Answer 10

Structure related to PLEASURE

Question 11

What did Milner and Olds do in the Nucleus Accumbens experiment?

Answer 11

They implanted electrodes into the N.A. of rats and found that they chose to press a lever which stimulated it instead of eating or drinking.

Question 12

What cortical area is involved in personality and social behavior?

Answer 12

Orbitofrontal cortex

Question 13

Darwin?

Answer 13

He noticed the similarities in facial expressions between animal species

Question 14

Paul Erkmans?

Answer 14

There is an universal way to express emotion.

The basic emotions that everyone recognized were happiness, sadness, fear, anger and disgust.

Question 15

Facial feedback hypothesis?

Answer 15

An emotion may be experienced as more intense if the person may express it without restrictions

Question 16

The Duchenne smile?

Answer 16

A true smile involves the ZYGOMATICUS ( mouth) and ORBICULARIS OCULI (eye wrinkles)

Question 17

What principle is the lie detector (polygraph) based on?

Answer 17

Measures changes of resistance in skin conductance (perspiration), heart rate, muscle tension in response to certain questions

Question 18

How can the autonomic response to key questions be measured?

Answer 18

Control questions or guilty-knowledge method

Question 19

Object recognition?

Answer 19

Accompanied by an emotional component.

The amygdala plays a crucial role

Question 20

Capgras Syndrome?

Answer 20

A dissociation between the cognitive and physiological reaction.
The patient recognizes acquaintances, objects and himself, but thinnks that they are doubles/copies.

Question 21

Hedonic principle? (Aristotle)

Answer 21

We want to maximize pleasure and minimize pain

Question 22

What is an instinct?

Answer 22

Inherited tendency to fulfill a goal

Question 23

What is drive?

Answer 23

A behaviorist term to reinstate an imbalance in homeostasis like hunger, thirst and sex.

Question 24

What is arousal?

Answer 24

The amount of energy/stress needed to complete a task

Question 25

Maslow’s theory of hierarchy of needs?

Answer 25

Lower needs come first

Question 26

What happens in your body when the stomach is empty?

Answer 26

GHERLIN is secreted that acts on the hypothalamus to increase the feeling of hunger (orexigenic signal)

Question 27

What happens in your body when you feel full from eating?

Answer 27

LEPTIN is a hormone that inhibits hunger and simulates satiety ( anorexigenic signal)

Question 28

Intrinsic motivation?

Answer 28

Action is in itself rewarding

Question 29

Extrinsic motivation?

Answer 29

The action itself is not rewarding, but it leads to a reward later in time

Question 30

Marshmallow test?

Answer 30

Measure of self-discipline

Question 31

Can punsihment create intrinsic motivation?

Answer 31

Yes

Question 32

Can reward undermine intrinisic motivation?

Answer 32

Yes because it may signal that the activity itself is unpleasurable