Emotion and Motivation Flashcards
What are the 2 dimensions of the feeling of emotions that can be represented in a 2-dimensional map?
- Valence (from positive to negative)
- Quantitative (from passive to active)
James Lange theory?
An emotion arises because we feel the reaction of the body. A stimulus elicits a reflex-like reaction in the autonomic nervous system. This reaction, when sensed, is experienced as a feeling
Cannon-Bard theory?
A stimulus simultaneously activates the autonomic nervous system and the cortex via the thalamus
Schachter and Singer’s theory of emotion?
There is an undifferentiated psychological arousal of the autonomic nervous system and a cognitive interpretation of the situation. Emotions are the cognitive inferences about the aroused state
Schacter and Singer classical experiment?
Participants were injected with adrenalin, a hormone that stimulates the sympathic nervous system. Some participants were told that there would be no effect of this injection while others were informed that it would make their heart race.
Findings: Participants with no foreknowledge of the effects of the injection reported emotions which matched those of the stooge. Those who knew the effects of the injection did not report the emotion
What system is known for its role in emotions?
Limbic system
What does amygdala involved in?
Making fast decisions(appraisal) about objects
What parts of the body were removed in Kluver-Bucy?
Temporal lobes and amygdala in a monkey
What behaviors did the monkeys from Kluver-Bucy exhibit?
Few emotions, lack of fear, hypersexual and could not distinguish between good and bad
Nucleus Accumbens by Olds and Milner?
Structure related to PLEASURE
What did Milner and Olds do in the Nucleus Accumbens experiment?
They implanted electrodes into the N.A. of rats and found that they chose to press a lever which stimulated it instead of eating or drinking.
What cortical area is involved in personality and social behavior?
Orbitofrontal cortex
Darwin?
He noticed the similarities in facial expressions between animal species
Paul Erkmans?
There is an universal way to express emotion.
The basic emotions that everyone recognized were happiness, sadness, fear, anger and disgust.
Facial feedback hypothesis?
An emotion may be experienced as more intense if the person may express it without restrictions
The Duchenne smile?
A true smile involves the ZYGOMATICUS ( mouth) and ORBICULARIS OCULI (eye wrinkles)
What principle is the lie detector (polygraph) based on?
Measures changes of resistance in skin conductance (perspiration), heart rate, muscle tension in response to certain questions
How can the autonomic response to key questions be measured?
Control questions or guilty-knowledge method
Object recognition?
Accompanied by an emotional component.
The amygdala plays a crucial role
Capgras Syndrome?
A dissociation between the cognitive and physiological reaction.
The patient recognizes acquaintances, objects and himself, but thinnks that they are doubles/copies.
Hedonic principle? (Aristotle)
We want to maximize pleasure and minimize pain
What is an instinct?
Inherited tendency to fulfill a goal
What is drive?
A behaviorist term to reinstate an imbalance in homeostasis like hunger, thirst and sex.
What is arousal?
The amount of energy/stress needed to complete a task
Maslow’s theory of hierarchy of needs?
Lower needs come first
What happens in your body when the stomach is empty?
GHERLIN is secreted that acts on the hypothalamus to increase the feeling of hunger (orexigenic signal)
What happens in your body when you feel full from eating?
LEPTIN is a hormone that inhibits hunger and simulates satiety ( anorexigenic signal)
Intrinsic motivation?
Action is in itself rewarding
Extrinsic motivation?
The action itself is not rewarding, but it leads to a reward later in time
Marshmallow test?
Measure of self-discipline
Can punsihment create intrinsic motivation?
Yes
Can reward undermine intrinisic motivation?
Yes because it may signal that the activity itself is unpleasurable
