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1
Q

1 oz = ? grams

A

28 grams

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2
Q

1 pound = ? grams

A

453.6 grams

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3
Q

1 mg = ? g

A

0.001 g

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4
Q

1 kg = ? pounds

A

2.2 pounds

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5
Q

1 ton = ? pounds

A

2000 pounds

also 907.2 kg

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6
Q

1 liquid oz = ? mls

A

30mls

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7
Q

1 quart = ? Liters

A

0.946 Liters

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8
Q

1 ppm = what?

A

1 ppm = 1 mg/kg = 1 mg/L = 0.0001%

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9
Q

1 g/ton = ? ppm

A

1.1 ppm

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10
Q

1% = ? mg/ml

A

10mg/ml

also 10 mg/g

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11
Q

Proof = what in alcohol?

A

percent*2

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12
Q

1% = ? ppm

A

10,000 ppm

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13
Q

what is the formula for bioavailability (F)?

A

F = [area under curve for PO](dose IV) / [area under curve for IV](dose PO)

fraction of drug that reaches systemic circulation.

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14
Q

what is the formula for volume of distribution (Vd)?

A

Vd = (dose that gets to circulation) / (Concentration at time 0)

where does the drug distribute in the body
Small - staying in blood stream
High - going to multiple tissues

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15
Q

what is the formula for half-life (T 1/2) ?

A

For first order half-life (what we assume most are):

T 1/2 = 0.693 / K el

Where K el is the elimination constant

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16
Q

How many half-lives are required for majority elimination?

A

5 half-lifes for 93% elimination of a compound (typically what is referenced as most compounds would not have clinical effects at this level.

7 half-lives for 99.2% elimination of a compound, which is sometimes asked for.

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17
Q

What is the formula for Clearance (Cl)?

A

Cl = K el * Vd

18
Q

What is the Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation?

A

pH = pKa + log [ (protonated form) / (unprotonated form) ]

Or
For weak acids: pH = pKa + log [ UI / I ]
For weak bases: pH = pKb + log [ I / UI ]

19
Q

What is the relationship between pH and pKa

A

pH = pKa ionized:unionized = 1

For each unit pH is away from pKa, concentration ratio is 1:10

20
Q

What is the formula for Chronicity Index ?

A

Chronicity Index = 1 dose LD 50 / 90 dose LD 50

1 = no cumulative effect
90 = absolutely cumulative.

20
Q

What is the formula for Therapeutic Index (TI) ?

A

TI = LD50 / ED 50

The higher the number, generally the safer the drug (because has a wider range where it can be used therapeutically).

20
Q

What is the formula for Margin of Safety (MS) ?

A

Margin of Safety = LD1 / ED 99

This is what regulators use to calculate safety of drug.

21
Q

What is the formula for Loading Dose ?

A

Loading dose = Vd * Target Concentration

22
Q

What is the formula for Risk?

A

Risk = Hazard * Exposure to residue

23
Q

What is the formula for Average Daily Intake (ADI) ?

A

ADI = NOEL / safety factor

Safety factor is determined based on the studies done and which species the studies were done in.

24
Q

What is the formula for Safe Concentration ?

A

Safe Concentration = ( ADI * 60 ) / tissue consumptive value

25
Q

What is the formula for Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) ?

A

EDI = Clearance * Intake

26
Q

What is the formula for Specific Gravity?

A

Weight of water * SG = weight of substance

27
Q

What are the formulas associated with Radiation?

A

Energy KE = 1/2 * m * v^2
Kinetic Energy = KE

ED = RBE * Absorbed dose
Effective Dose = ED
Relative Biologic Effectiveness = RBE

28
Q

1 gray = what?

A

100 rads

29
Q

To make solutions, use ratios:
1 L of solution of x% out of solution containing y% active ingredient

A

x% / y% = nL / 1 L

30
Q

What are the non-protein nitrogen products and their nitrogen concentrations?

A

Feed Grade Urea 45% Nitrogen
Feed Grade Biuret 37% Nitrogen
Diammonium Phosphate 17% Nitrogen
Ammonium polyphosphate soln 9% Nitrogen
Ammonium sulfate 21% nitrogen
Monoammonium sulfate 9% nitrogen

31
Q

How do you do calculations with NPN ?

A

Must first convert NPN to a protein equivalent

Protein is 16% Nitrogen

Protein Equivalent (PE) = N x 100/16

PE = N x 6.25

32
Q

What is the NPN content of feed?

A

Crude protein due to NPN / Protein equivalent of NPN source

**NPN typically fed at 1% of the ration of 3% of the grain.

33
Q

For forage testing, how do you convert between nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen?

A

Nitrate = Nitrate nitrogen x 4.43

Nitrate Nitrogen = Nitrate x 0.226

34
Q

How much forage does 1 acre yield to grazing?

A

~ 2 tons of forage

35
Q

What is the exposure rate for a grazing animal of a chemical applied at 1 lb/acre?

A

At 1 lb / acre, the grazing animal is exposed to 7 mg/kg body weight/day.

36
Q

What does NED equal?

A

NED = one standard deviation

NED is the Normal Equivalent Deviation

37
Q

What does Probit equal?

A

Probit = NED + 5

Will be a whole positive number.
Probit is Probability units
Probit = 5 at the mean

38
Q

What are the standard deviations equivalent to in percentages of population?

A

1 SD = 68.3% of population
2 SD = 95.5% of population
3 SD = 99.7% of population

Assuming normal bell curve

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