Memorize these Flashcards by Chelsea Sykes

1 oz = ? grams

28 grams

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

1 pound = ? grams

453.6 grams

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

1 mg = ? g

0.001 g

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

1 kg = ? pounds

2.2 pounds

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

1 ton = ? pounds

2000 pounds

also 907.2 kg

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

1 liquid oz = ? mls

30mls

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

1 quart = ? Liters

0.946 Liters

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

1 ppm = what?

1 ppm = 1 mg/kg = 1 mg/L = 0.0001%

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

1 g/ton = ? ppm

1.1 ppm

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

1% = ? mg/ml

10mg/ml

also 10 mg/g

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Proof = what in alcohol?

percent*2

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

1% = ? ppm

10,000 ppm

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is the formula for bioavailability (F)?

F = [area under curve for PO](dose IV) / [area under curve for IV](dose PO)

fraction of drug that reaches systemic circulation.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is the formula for volume of distribution (Vd)?

Vd = (dose that gets to circulation) / (Concentration at time 0)

where does the drug distribute in the body
Small - staying in blood stream
High - going to multiple tissues

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is the formula for half-life (T 1/2) ?

For first order half-life (what we assume most are):

T 1/2 = 0.693 / K el

Where K el is the elimination constant

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How many half-lives are required for majority elimination?

5 half-lifes for 93% elimination of a compound (typically what is referenced as most compounds would not have clinical effects at this level.

7 half-lives for 99.2% elimination of a compound, which is sometimes asked for.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the formula for Clearance (Cl)?

Cl = K el * Vd

What is the Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation?

pH = pKa + log [ (protonated form) / (unprotonated form) ]

Or
For weak acids: pH = pKa + log [ UI / I ]
For weak bases: pH = pKb + log [ I / UI ]

What is the relationship between pH and pKa

pH = pKa ionized:unionized = 1

For each unit pH is away from pKa, concentration ratio is 1:10

What is the formula for Chronicity Index ?

Chronicity Index = 1 dose LD 50 / 90 dose LD 50

1 = no cumulative effect
90 = absolutely cumulative.

What is the formula for Therapeutic Index (TI) ?

TI = LD50 / ED 50

The higher the number, generally the safer the drug (because has a wider range where it can be used therapeutically).

What is the formula for Margin of Safety (MS) ?

Margin of Safety = LD1 / ED 99

This is what regulators use to calculate safety of drug.

What is the formula for Loading Dose ?

Loading dose = Vd * Target Concentration

What is the formula for Risk?

Risk = Hazard * Exposure to residue

What is the formula for Average Daily Intake (ADI) ?

ADI = NOEL / safety factor Safety factor is determined based on the studies done and which species the studies were done in.

What is the formula for Safe Concentration ?

Safe Concentration = ( ADI * 60 ) / tissue consumptive value

What is the formula for Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) ?

EDI = Clearance * Intake

What is the formula for Specific Gravity?

Weight of water * SG = weight of substance

What are the formulas associated with Radiation?

Energy KE = 1/2 * m * v^2 Kinetic Energy = KE ED = RBE * Absorbed dose Effective Dose = ED Relative Biologic Effectiveness = RBE

1 gray = what?

100 rads

To make solutions, use ratios: 1 L of solution of x% out of solution containing y% active ingredient

x% / y% = nL / 1 L

What are the non-protein nitrogen products and their nitrogen concentrations?

Feed Grade Urea 45% Nitrogen Feed Grade Biuret 37% Nitrogen Diammonium Phosphate 17% Nitrogen Ammonium polyphosphate soln 9% Nitrogen Ammonium sulfate 21% nitrogen Monoammonium sulfate 9% nitrogen

How do you do calculations with NPN ?

Must first convert NPN to a protein equivalent Protein is 16% Nitrogen Protein Equivalent (PE) = N x 100/16 PE = N x 6.25

What is the NPN content of feed?

Crude protein due to NPN / Protein equivalent of NPN source **NPN typically fed at 1% of the ration of 3% of the grain.

For forage testing, how do you convert between nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen?

Nitrate = Nitrate nitrogen x 4.43 Nitrate Nitrogen = Nitrate x 0.226

How much forage does 1 acre yield to grazing?

~ 2 tons of forage

What is the exposure rate for a grazing animal of a chemical applied at 1 lb/acre?

At 1 lb / acre, the grazing animal is exposed to 7 mg/kg body weight/day.

What does NED equal?

NED = one standard deviation NED is the Normal Equivalent Deviation

What does Probit equal?

Probit = NED + 5 Will be a whole positive number. Probit is Probability units Probit = 5 at the mean

What are the standard deviations equivalent to in percentages of population?

1 SD = 68.3% of population 2 SD = 95.5% of population 3 SD = 99.7% of population Assuming normal bell curve