Memorize

Question 1

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Answer 1

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Question 2

What are 2 possible explanations underlying drug-induced depersonalization?

Answer 2

drug- induced depersonalization can occur, sometimes in the absence of significant traumatic stressors.

One explanation is that these drugs, in depersonalization-susceptible individuals (maybe genetically vulnerable), may induce a profound alteration in self-state that is experienced as highly destabilizing, in effect traumatic, thus triggering a depersonalization reaction.

The other explanation is that these drugs act as highly specific chemical triggers that dysregulate already vulnerable neurochemical systems that may underlie the neurobiology of DPD, even in the absence of a subjectively stressful experience.

Indeed, histories obtained from DPD sufferers with drug- induced onset lend support to both scenarios.

Question 3

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Answer 3

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Question 4

Ch. 22 Dell

What are the four classes of chemicals consistently implicated in inducing depersonalization in healthy subjects?

Answer 4

The four classes of chemicals consistently implicated in inducing depersonalization in healthy subjects are 1. NMDA antagonists 2. cannabinoids 3. hallucinogens 4. opioid agonists.

Question 5

Ch. 22 Dell

Describe the ketamine induction of depersonalization?

Answer 5

The NMDA antagonist ketamine induces a profound dissociative state in healthy subjects that has been likened to the negative symptoms of schizophrenia The medication lamotrigine attenuates ketamine-induced dissociation by inhibiting the release of glutamate.

Question 6

Ch. 22 Dell

Where are NMDA receptors located?

Answer 6

NMDA receptors are widely distributed in the cortex, and well as in the hippocampus and the amygdala, and are thought to mediate associative functioning, among other things.

Question 7

Ch. 22 Dell

What is a proposed method behind the cannabinoid induction of depersonalization?

Answer 7

Cannabinoids can induce depersonalization, with a pronounced component of temporal disintegration. In addition to their action at the CB receptors, cannabinoids have been shown to block NMDA receptors at sites distinct from other noncompetitive NMDA antagonists. Thus, their dissociative effect might in fact be mediated via the NMDA receptor.