Memorization Flashcards
What are the multiples of the following SI units?
- nano
- micro
- mili
- centi
- kilo
- mega
- nano: 10^-9
- micro:10^-6
- mili:10^-3
- centi:10^-2
- kilo:10^3
- mega:10^6
What is the electromagnetic spectrum in order from shortest to longest wavelength?
What does this mean in regard to frequency and energy?
gamma rays, xrays, ultraviolet, visible light (ROYGBV backwards, violet is shortest) , infared, microwaves, radio waves
means frequency and energy decrease the longer the wavelength is
what are the following groups on the PT called?
- group 1
- group 2
- group 7
- d block
- p block (except group 8)
- f block
- group 8
- group 1= alkali metals
- group 2= alkaline earth metals
- group 7= halogens
- d block= transition metals
- p block (except group 8)= representative elements
- f block= rare earth metals
- group 8= noble gases
where are metals located on the PT?
to the left of metalloids
where are nonmetals located on the PT?
upper right
what are the following properties of metals?
-ionization energy
-electronegativity
-valence electrons
-redox reactions
-ionization energy= low
-electronegativity= low
-valence electrons= easily lost
-redox reactions= good reducing agents
what are the following properties of nonmetals?
-ionization energy
-electronegativity
-valence electrons
-redox reactions
-ionization energy= high
-electronegativity= high
-valence electrons= easily gained
-redox reactions= good oxidizing agents
what are the following properties of metals?
-thermal conductance
-electrical conductance
-appearance
-at room temp
-thermal conductance= high
-electrical conductance= high
-appearance= metallic luster, shiny
-at room temp= solid (except Hg), malleable and ductile
what are the following properties of nonmetals?
-thermal conductance
-electrical conductance
-appearance
-at room temp
-thermal conductance= low
-electrical conductance= low
-appearance= dull but can be colorful
-at room temp= solid, liquid or gas, brittle
what elements on the PT are metalloids?
B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po
what is the order of electronegativity of the following random elements:
- O
- I
- F
- H
- N
- Cl
- C
- S
- Br
F > O > N > Cl > Br > I > S > C > H
if the # of electron pairs on a central atom is 0, what are the requirements for the following?
- geometric families
- shapes
- bond angles
- geometric families= linear, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, trigonal bypyramidal, octahedral
- shapes= linear, trigonal planar, trigonal pyramidal, trigonal bipyramidal, octahedral
- bond angles= 180, 120, 109.5, 90 120 180, 90 180
if the # of electron pairs on a central atom is 1, what are the requirements for the following?
- geometric families
- shapes
- bond angles
- geometric families= trigonal planar, tetrahedral
- shapes= bent, trigonal pyramidal
- bond angles= 116, 107
if the # of electron pairs on a central atom is 2, what are the requirements for the following?
- geometric families
- shapes
- bond angles
- geometric family= tetrahedral
- shape= bent
- bond angle= 104.5
what is the phase change of gas to liquid?
condensation
what is the phase change of liquid to gas?
vaporization (boiling)
what is the phase change of liquid to solid?
crystallization (freezing)
what is the phase change of solid to liquid?
fusion (melting)
what is the phase change of gas to solid?
deposition
what is the phase change of solid to gas?
sublimination
within phase changes, as heat is absorbed (solid > liquid > gas), what happens to the following:
- kinetic energy
- entropy
both increase
within phase changes, as heat is released (gas > liquid > solid), what happens to the following:
- kinetic energy
- entropy
both decrease
what is 1 mole of gas at STP?
22.4L
what is 1atm in torr and Hg?
760 for both
what are standard state conditions for the following?
- kelvin
- Celsius
- atm
- M
- 298 kelvin
- 25 Celsius
- 1 atm
- 1 M
what salts are soluble/ insoluble in water?
- all group 1( Li^+, Na^+, K^+, Rb^+, Cs^+) and ammonium (NH4^+)
- all nitrate (NO3^-), perchlorate (ClO4^-), and acetate (C2H3O2^-)
- all silver (Ag+), lead (Pb^2+/ Pb^4+), and mercury (Hg2^2+)/ Hg^2+) are INSOLUBLE except for their nitrates, perchlorates and acetates
in the reaction
aA + bB = cC + dD,
what is the formula for the reaction quotient (Q)?
- what do the capital letters represent?
- are these values at equilibrium? if they are, what is Q equal to?
Q= [C]^c [D]^d / [A]^a [B]^b
- the molar concentrations
- No
- Keq
what does the comparison of Keq and Q tell us?
- what happens if Q is less than Keq?
- what happens if Q is greater than Keq?
- the reaction strives to reach….
the direction in which the reaction will proceed
- the reaction proceeds towards the products to increase Q to the Keq value
- the reaction proceeds towards the reactants
- a state in which Q = Keq
what does an acid do?
ionize in water to produce hydrogen ions
what does a base do?
ionize in water to produce hydroxide ions
what is a bronsted lowry acid?
proton donor
what is a bronsted lowry base?
proton acceptor
what is a lewis acid?
electron pair acceptor
what is a lewis base?
electron pair donor
what is a conjugate base?
the remaining structure when a bronsted lowry acid donates its protons
what is a conjugate acid?
the species made when a bronsted lowry base bonds with protons
what are the 6 common strong acids?
- HI
- HBr
- HCl
- HClO4
- H2SO4
- HNO3
what are the 4 common groups of strong bases?
- group 1 hydroxides (ex; NaOH)
- group 1 oxides (ex; Li2O)
- some group 2 hydroxides (Ba(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ca(OH)2)
- metal amides (ex; NaNH2)
in terms of spontaneity,
- when GFE is less than zero…
- when GFE is equal to zero…
- when GFE is more than zero…
- spontaneous in forward direction
- reaction is at equilibrium
- nonspontaneous in forward direction
when H and S are + and GFE is -, the reaction is….
spontaneous
when H and S are + and GFE is - at sufficiently high T and + at low T, the reaction is….
spontaneous at high T and nonspontaneous at low T
when H and S are - and GFE is + at high T and - at sufficiently low T, the reaction is….
nonspontaneous at high T and spontaneous at low T
when H is +, S is -, and GFE is +, the reaction is….
nonspontaneous
at standard state, which elements are liquid?
Hg and Br
at standard state, which elements are gases?
H, N, O, F, Cl, and all noble gases
what are the 7 diatomic elements?
H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2
what is an isobaric process?
pressure of the system stays constant, volume and temperature change relative to each other
what is an isochoric process?
volume of the system stays constant, temperature and pressure change relative to each other
what is an isothermal process?
temperature of the system stays constant, pressure and volume change relative to each other
what is an adiabatic process?
no heat flows in or out of the system; pressure, volume, and temperature all change relative to each other
what is 1000L in m^3?
1m^3
what is 1L in cm^3?
1000cm^3
what is 1mL in cm^3?
- in cc?
1cm^3, 1cc
what is 1g in amu?
6.022 x 10^23 amu
what is 1amu in kg?
1.66 x 10^-27 kg
what is 1 cal in J?
4.2 J
what is 1 atm in torr?
- in mmHg?
760 torr, 760 mmHg
what is the density of liquid water?
1 g/cm^3
what is avogadros #?
6.022 x 10^23
what is 1 mol of an ideal gas at STP?
22.4 L
what is the formula for ideal gas law?
- what is the constant used here?
PV = nRT, 0.1L atm/mol K
what is the formula for osmotic pressure?
- what is the constant used here?
pi = iMRT, 0.1L atm/mol K
what is the equation that describes the relationship between GFE and equilibrium?
- what is the constant used here?
GFE = (-2.3RT[log Keq])*, 8.3 J/mol K
Kw =
1.0 x 10^ -14
what is faradays constant?
96,500 C/mol e-*
what formula is used to calculate moles?
n = m/ M
what is the formula for formal charge?
FC = # valence electrons - lines - dots
what is the formula for mass energy equivalence?
E = mc^2
what is the formula for Molarity?
M = n (solute) / V (solution)
what is the formula for Molality?
m = n (solute) / m (solvent)
