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BIOLOGY > MEMORISATION PAPER 1 > Flashcards

MEMORISATION PAPER 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

describe the elisa test

A

1.antigen is added to a surface and attacjes to the surface
2.wash off the excess that has not attached
3.then add solution of 1st antibody ,let it bind and wash off excess
4.add solution of second antibody that has an enzyme attached,let it bind
5.then add solution of the colourless subtrate,it will form e-s complex and change colour
6.this is a postove test

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2
Q

why do antibiotics not work on virus

A

Antibiotic work by damaging cell wall of muerin by inhibiting the enzymes needed for the formation of cross linkages in the meurin cell wall

And disrupts metabolic process

virus has no cell wall nor metabolic processes

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3
Q

how do muscles move in inhalation

A

diaphram contract
internal intercostal relax
external intercostal contract

move up and out

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4
Q

how do muscles move in exhalation

A

the diaphram relax
the internal intercostal muscles contract
external intercostal muscles relax

move in and down

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5
Q

what is a xerophyte

check on the spec

A

Xerophytes are plants that are adapted to living in areas where water is in short supply

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6
Q

what nitrogenous bases are purines

A

A and G

DOUBLE RINGED

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7
Q

what nitrogenous bases are pyramidines

A

C , T and U

SINGLE RINGED

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8
Q

What is the name for the H bonds in cellulose

A

Microfibrils

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9
Q

polar molecules are what in water

A

soluble

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10
Q

non polar molecules are what in water

A

insoluble

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11
Q

polar molecules are what in water

A

soluble

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12
Q

describe the steps of binary fission

A
  1. circualr DNA replicates once
  2. plasmids replicate a variable no of times
  3. dna moves to oppposite sides of the cell/poles
  4. cytoplasm splits
  5. cell wall grows and piches inwards
  6. two daughter cells made
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13
Q

how do insects prevent water loss

A
  • small surface area to volume ratio, to minimise the area over which water is lost
  • waterproof coverings over the body surfaces(chittin coverend in water proof cuticle)
  • spiracles can be closed
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14
Q

how do plants prevent water loss

A

-close their stomata
-waterprood cuticle

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15
Q

how are xerophytes adapted to prevent water loss

A

-thick cuticle
-rolling up of leaves
-hairy leaves
-stomata in pits

trap a layer of moist air so that there is wp gradient

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16
Q

what are the functions of bile salts

A
  1. Emulsify lipids
  2. Increases surface area of lipid for increased lipase activity
  3. form micelles ( these are monoglycerides and fatty acids still associated to the bile salt)
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17
Q

what enzymes are invovled in the breakdown of starch

A

amalyse (starch to maltose)
disaccharidase maltase (maltose to glucose)

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18
Q

where is amalyse made

A

the salivary glands
pancreas- pancreatic juice

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19
Q

what kind of enzyme is maltase

A

membrane bound dissacharidase

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20
Q

what is a monoglyceride

A

a glycerol with only one fatty acid attached

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21
Q

which peptidases are membrane bound

A

di-peptidases

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22
Q

The epithelial cells that line the small intestine are adapted for the absorption of glucose. Explain how.

A
  1. Microvilli provide a large surface area
  2. Many mitochondria produce ATP / provide energy for active transport
  3. Carrier proteins for active transport
  4. Channel / carrier proteins for facilitated diffusion
  5. Na+K+ pump for Co-transport of sodium ions and glucose
  6. Membrane-bound enzymes digest disaccharides / produce glucose;
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23
Q

how is the inside of ileum adapted

A
  1. villi to increase SA
  2. contain muscle to push down food
  3. well supplied w blood
  4. villi have microvilli
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24
Q

draw out absoption of Glucose/amino acids

A
25
Q

draw out absoprtion of lipids

A
26
Q

Describe the processes involved in the absorption and transport of digested lipid molecules from the ileum into lymph vessels.

A
  1. Micelles contain bile salts and fatty acids and monoglycerides
  2. carry and release fatty acidsand monoglycerides to lining of the iluem
  3. Fatty acids monoglycerides absorbed by diffusion

Reject facilitated diffusion

  1. Triglycerides reformed at the endoplasmic retriculum
  2. At the golgi apparatus they associate with lipoproteins and cholesterol to form chylomicrons
  3. chylomicrons leave via exocytosis into lymph vessels
27
Q

by what process are fatty acids and monoglycerides absorbed into the lining of ileum/elpithelial cells

A

simple diffusion

non polar so they are able to pass the phospholipid bilayer

28
Q

what are 5 ways in which courtship behvaiour can improve success of mating

A
  1. Recognise / identify / attract same species;
  2. Stimulates / synchronises mating / production / release of gametes;
  3. Recognition of mate of opposite sex;
  4. Indication of (sexual) maturity / fertility
  5. Formation of a pair bond / bond between two organisms to raise young).
29
Q

how does the heart structures maintain blood pressure and smooth blood flow

A

elastic recoil/ recoil of elastic fibres

30
Q

what is the purpose of elastic recoil in the heart

A
  • smooth blood flow
  • maintain blood pressure
31
Q

how do you compare colours of solution/ concentration without a colorimeter??

A

1.Use known concentration of
pigment / solution
2. Prepare dilution series;
3. Compare with colour standards to give
concentration;

32
Q

what are the ways in which genetic variation can be increaseed in a species?

A
  1. Independent segregation of homologous chromosomes
  2. Crossing over between homologous chromosomes
  3. Random fertilisation of gametes which produces new combinations of alleles or new combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes
  4. mutations
33
Q

what is active immunity

A
  • this is when an individual is directly in contact with a pathogen or its antigen , and therefore stimulated to produce its own antibodies in response
34
Q

what are two types of active immunity

A
  • natural
  • artificial
35
Q

what is artificial immunity

A

when an individual is directly injected witha smalll dose of antigen such as a vaccine andtriggered to produce their own complimentary antibodies without enduring any symptoms due to the low dosage

36
Q

what is natural immunity

A

when an individual comes into contact with a pathogen normally and devlopes its own complimentary antibodies and may continue to do so for years

37
Q

whta is passive immunity

A

when an individual is exposed /injected with antibodies for a specific antigen without actually ciming into contact wiht the antigen and ,aking the antibodies themselce.This s a short term immunity and will not result in immunity and secondary immune response as here are no memory cells involved

38
Q

what are the uses of hydrolysis of ATP

A
  1. named reaction - e.g. active transport or muscle contraction
  2. phosphorylate other molecules/substances to make them more reactive and change their shape
39
Q

what is a tip for tissue fluid questions

A
  • find the difference in pressure from out and in by subtracting.
40
Q

which vessel had a wider lumen

A

veins

41
Q

what are the basic features of all the vessels

A
  • tough fibrous outer layer that resists changes in pressure from out and inside
  • muscle layer that can contract to control flow of blood
  • elastic layer that helps maintain blood pressure by stretching / recoiling
  • thin inner endothelium that is short diffusion pathway and smooth tp reduce friction
  • lumen where the blood flows
42
Q

what is artery structure

A
  • narrower lumne han veins
  • thick muscle wall - to maintain high pressure and to constrict and dilate when needed
  • thin inner layer
  • thick elatic layer to recoil and meaintain
  • overall thick to prevent bursting
  • no valves
43
Q

what is arteriole structure

A
  • thinner elastic wall as lower pressure
  • thicker muscle wall thatn artery to control blood flow constrict/dilate
44
Q

what is vein structure

A
  • wider lumen than artery
  • valves to prevent backflow
  • overall thin as less risk of bursting
  • thin elastic layer due to low pressure so need for recoil action
  • thin muscle layer as they dont carry blood to tissue so doesnt need to dilate or contrict
45
Q

features of capillary

A
  • very thin short diffueison distance
  • break off into lots of branches
  • narrower so shorter diffusin distance
  • narrow lumen cells squishede to side short distance
  • gaps between epithelial cells for white blood cells to exit
46
Q

what does tissue fluid contain

A

ions,oxygen,water,fatty acids, amino acids, glucose

47
Q

define : species richness

A

a measure of the number of different species at a given time - it is a measure of species diversity

48
Q

define : species diversty

A

a measure of the number of different species and the number of individual in each species in any one community

49
Q

what measurement have a double/ 0.1 uncertainty

A
  • ruler
  • protractor
  • stopwatch
  • analogue meter
50
Q

what is the type of pressure in the blood vessels and phloem

A

hydrostatic pressure

51
Q

what does constant environment do to allele frequency/ selection

A

stabalising

52
Q

DESCRIBE HUMORAL RESPONSE

A
53
Q

EXPLAIN HOW HCG /PREGNANCY TEST WORKS

A
54
Q

how does HIV enter cell

A
  • it binds to receptor protein on a target cell, usually Helper T cell
  • protein capsid fuses with the cell membrane releasing RNA and reverse transcriptase into the cell cytoplasm
55
Q

where does Active transport happen in the transport of food/mass in phloem

A

between the phloem and companion cell both at the source and sink end

56
Q

Describe how organisms are grouped in a phylogenetic classification system

A
  • Hierarchy (of groups) with no overlaps
  • smaller groups within (larger) groups with no overlaps;
  • Grouped according to evolutionary origins/relationships/history;
57
Q

Comparing the base sequence of genes provides more evolutionary information than comparing the structure of proteins. Explain why.

A

Different (base) triplets code for same amino acids
Degeneracy of triplet code
Introns / non-coding DNA / degeneracy of code / more than one code for each amino acid;

58
Q

what is genetic diversity

A

the total number of different allels in a population

BIOLOGY (4 decks)

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