Membranes and receptors - 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Where do parasympathetic nerves originate from?

A

Lateral horn of the medulla and sacral regions of the spinal cord.

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2
Q

Where can you find the ganglia of parasympathetic nerves?

A

They are often located in the tissues that they innervate.

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3
Q

Where do sympathetic nerves originate from?

A

Lateral horn of the lumbar and thoracic spinal cord.

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4
Q

Which of the post ganglionic and pre-ganglionic nerves are myelinated and which unmyelinated?

A

Pre-ganglionic are myelinated

Post-ganglionic are unmyelinated

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5
Q

Where are the ganglia of sympathetic nerves found?

A

In the paravertebral chain close to the spinal cord or in the case of the GI and GU tract nerves they are located in the prevertebral chain (midline).

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6
Q

What type of receptor are nicotinic acetyl choline receptors?

A

Ligand-gated ion channels.

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7
Q

What type of receptors are muscarinic acetyl choline receptors?

A

G-protein coupled receptors.

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8
Q

What type of receptors are adrenoreceptors?

A

G protein-coupled receptors.

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9
Q

What is the general structure of G-protein coupled receptors?

A

Single polypeptide chain, 7 -transmembrane spanning regions, extracellular N-terminal and intracellular C-terminal. Two regions that ligand can bind to:

  1. For some receptors it is formed by 2-3 of the transmembrane spanning domains
  2. In others the N-terminal region and other extracellular domains form the ligand binding site.
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10
Q

Which sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons are cholinergic, not adrenergic?

A

Those innervating the sweat glands and hair follicles (piloerection).

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11
Q

Apart from ACh and NA, what other transmitters are found in the ANS?

A

Non-Adrenergic, Non-Cholinergic (NANC) transmitters e.g. ATP, NO, 5HT (serotonin), neuropeptides ( (VIP) vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P).

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12
Q

What are chromaffin cells?

A

They are postganglionic sympathetic neurons that do not project to a target tissue. They are found in the adrenal gland and on sympathetic stimulation release adrenaline into the bloodstream.

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13
Q

What type of receptor is present at the neuromuscular junction of the somatic efferent system?

A

nicotinic acetyl choline receptors.

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14
Q

What are dysautonomias?

A

Dysautonomia is an umbrella term used to describe several different medical conditions that cause a malfunction of the Autonomic Nervous System.

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15
Q

Give an example of a cause of primary dysautonomia:

A

Phaeochromocytomas. A phaeochromocytoma is a rare tumour that secretes catecholamines. It is derived from chromaffin cells, usually in the adrenal medulla but occasionally extra-adrenal phaeochromocytomas or paragangliomas occur.

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16
Q

Give an example of a secondary cause of dysautonomia:

A

It can happen secondary to diabetes, due to alterations in the ANS.

17
Q

What components of blood to sensory inputs monitor?

A

CO2, O2, nutrients, arterial pressure, GI tract content and chemical composition.

18
Q

The carotid body is made up of chemoreceptors at the bifurcation of the carotid artery. What does it detect?

A

Blood O2 (and CO2, pH).

19
Q

How does the carotid body relay sensory information to the CNS?

A

Via the glossopharyngeal nerve.

20
Q

What composes the (NTS) nucleus tractus solitarius in the medulla oblongata? What is the role of the NTS?

A

Second order sensory neurones, which have projected onwards from the primary sensory neurones. It integrates all the visceral afferent information.

21
Q

The nucleus tractus solitarius also receives inputs from the area postrema. What does this area detect? What process is it essential for?

A

It detects toxins in the blood and the CSF and is essential for chemically-induced vomiting and conditional taste aversion.