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BIOL 110 - 001/002 > Membrane Transport, Epithelial Tissues, and Connective Tissues (LECTURE #2) > Flashcards

Membrane Transport, Epithelial Tissues, and Connective Tissues (LECTURE #2) Flashcards

1
Q
  • maintains internal conditions of the cell
  • communicates with the other cells
  • described by the fluid mosaic model
A

The Plasma Membrane

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2
Q

The Plasma Membrane is divided into 5 groups:

A

1. Phospholipids

#2. Cholesterol
#3. Proteins
#4. Glycolipids
#5. Glycoproteins

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3
Q
  • describes how the cell membrane is fluid, flexible, and made of many different components or macromolecules
  • allows for the membrane to move with the cell and perform various functions, including maintaining homeostasis, facilitating cellular movement, communication, etc
A

Fluid Mosaic Model

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4
Q

__(1)__ = not solid
__(2)__ = many different types of macromolecules, embedded and attached

A

(1) = Fluid
(2) = Mosaic

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5
Q

forms a lipid bilayer in the plasma membrane

A

Phospholipids

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6
Q

maintains fluidity within the plasma membrane

A

Cholesterol

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7
Q

a group within the plasma membrane that is subdivided into 2 groups

A

Proteins

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8
Q

There are 2 types of proteins:
__(1)__ = extends through the lipid bilayer
__(2)__ = attaches to the surface

A

(1) = Integral Proteins
(2) = Peripheral Proteins

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9
Q
  • lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic (covalent) bond
  • maintain the stability of the cell membrane and facilitate cellular recognition (which is very important in regards to immune response and in the connections that allow cells to connect to one another to form tissues)
A

Glycolipids

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10
Q

protein with a carbohydrate attached

A

Glycoprotein

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11
Q

allows some substances to pass through, but not others

A

Selective Permeability

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12
Q

With Selective Permeability;
- __(1)__ and __(2)__ soluble molecules can pass easily
- __(3)__ pass through moderately easily
- __(4)__ soluble molecules do NOT pass through

A

(1) = gases
(2) = small, fat
(3) = ions
(4) = large, water

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of transport processes?

A

1. Passive process

#2. Active process

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14
Q

involve substances moving across the cell membranes WITHOUT energy input
(via D I F F U S I O N)

A

Passive Transport

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15
Q

passive spread of particles, through random motion, from areas of high to low concentration

A

Diffusion

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of diffusion?

A

1. Simple diffusion

#2. Facilitated diffusion

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17
Q

pass without the aid of a membrane protein (unassisted)

A

Simple Diffusion

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18
Q

requires a carrier protein or channel (assisted)

A

Facilitated Diffusion

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19
Q
  • usually refers to passive processes
  • allows ions and molecules to move along their concentrated gradients (facilitated diffusion)
  • “open” without changing shape
A

Channels

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20
Q
  • similar to channels, BUT, they have a structural change when they move molecules from one side of the plasma membrane to the other
A

Carriers

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21
Q

the net movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of LOW solute concentration TO one of HIGHER solute concentration

A

Osmosis

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22
Q

Water can pass through the membrane in 2 ways:

__(1)__ = slower
__(2)__ = through an A Q U A P O R I N which is faster

A

(1) = Simple Diffusion
(2) = Facilitated Diffusion

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23
Q

Which type of diffusion provides a quicker path for water to pass through?

A

Facilitated Diffusion

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24
Q

protein channels in the plasma membrane allowing the passage of water

A

Aquaporins

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25
Q

a measure of the solution’s ability to change the volume of cells by altering their water content

A

Tonicity

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26
Q

Tonicity is broken down into 3 groups:
__(1)__ solution
__(2)__ solution
__(3)__ solution

A

(1) = Isotonic
(2) = Hypertonic
(3) = Hypotonic

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27
Q

interstitial fluid is the same concentration as cytosol

A

Isotonic Solution

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28
Q

interstitial fluid is less concentrated than cytosol

A

Hypotonic Solution

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29
Q

_______ = when the cell bursts

A

Lysis - aka - Hemolysis

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30
Q

interstitial fluid is more concentrated than cytosol

A

Hypertonic Solution

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31
Q

_______ = when the cell shrinks

A

Crenation

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32
Q

moves substances AGAINST their concentration gradient

A

Active Transport

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33
Q

Active Transport is a process that can be divided into 2 groups…

A

1, Primary

#2. Secondary

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34
Q

uses ATP (from mitochondria) for energy

A

Primary active trasnport

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35
Q

does NOT use ATP (uses another energy source)

A

Secondary active transport

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36
Q

Active Transport Process:

__(1)__ pump is found in all cells, which transports 3 __(2)__ OUT, and 2 __(3)__ INTO the cell. As a result, cells have __(4)__ [Na+], and __(5)__ [K+] inside the cell.

A

(1) = Na+/K+ Pump
(2) = Na+
(3) = K+
(4) = low
(5) = high

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37
Q

There are 2 Secondary Active Transport Mechanisms. What are they?

A

Antiporters and Symporters

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38
Q

carry 2 substances across the membrane in OPPOSITE directions

A

Antiporters

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39
Q

carry 2 substances across the membrane in the SAME direction

A

Symporters

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40
Q

connect adjacent cells mechanically

A

Intercellular Junctions

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41
Q

found where a leakproof seal is needed between cells (ex. bladder, stomach)

A

Tight Junctions

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42
Q

pores (connexons) that allow small substances (like ions) to pass between cells

A

Gap Junctions

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43
Q

the hemichannel supplied by a cell on one side of the junction

A

Connexons

44
Q

provide resistance to mechanisms stress at a single point

A

Anchoring Junctions (Desmosomes)

45
Q
  • tightly packed cells
  • no blood vessels
  • form surface layers
A

Epithelial Tissue

46
Q
  • loosely packed, lots of extracellular matrix
  • lots of blood vessels
  • covered by other tissues
A

Connective Tissue

47
Q
  • line surfaces
  • form protective barriers
  • secrete mucous and hormones
  • sense
  • absorb
A

Epithelium

48
Q

all epithelia have a __(1)__ surface and an __(2)__ surface

A

(1) = free apical
(2) = attached basal

49
Q

Naming Epithelia according to SHAPE:

Simple __(1)__ Epithelium
Simple __(2)__ Epithelium
Simple __(3)__ Epithelium

A

(1) = Squamous
(2) = Cuboidal
(3) = Columnar

50
Q

flat, wide “paving stone” cells

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

51
Q

cells that are as tall as they are wide

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

52
Q

cells taller than they are wide

A

Simple Columnar Epithelium

53
Q

Naming Epithelia according to ARRANGEMENT:

__(1)__ Columnar Epithelium
__(2)__ Columnar Epithelium
__(3)__ Columnar Epithelium

A

(1) = Simple
(2) = Pseudostratified
(3) = Stratified

54
Q
  • 1 layer
  • all cells are I N C O N T A C T with the basement membrane
A

Simple Columnar Epithelium

55
Q

APPEARS to have layers, BUT, in reality, all cells go from the A P E X to the base

A

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

56
Q
  • 2 or more layers
  • ONLY the B A S A L layer is in contact with the basement membrane
A

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

57
Q

STRUCTURE =
- single layer of flat (squamous) cells

FUNCTION =
- filtration
- diffusion

LOCATION =
- air sacs of lungs
- lining of the blood vessels, heart, lymphatic vessels, and all capillaries

A

Simple Squamous

58
Q

STRUCTURE =
- single layer of cuboidal cells

FUNCTION =
- secretion
- absorption

LOCATION =
- lining tubules of the kidneys and glands

A

Simple Cuboidal

59
Q

STRUCTURE =
- single layer of columnar cells
- NO CILIA ON THE MICROVILLI

FUNCTION =
- secretion
- absorption

LOCATION =
- line the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and the gallbladder

A

Simple Columnar, Nonciliated

60
Q

STRUCTURE =
- single layer of columnar cells
- microvilli HAVE cilia

FUNCTION =
- move mucous and foreign particles

LOCATION =
- line the bronchioles and the fallopian tubes

A

Simple Columnar, Ciliated

61
Q

STRUCTURE =
- single layer of columnar cells
- nuclei at different levels

FUNCTION =
- secrete mucous
- absorption
- protection

LOCATION =
- upper respiratory tract
- male urethra

A

Pseudostratified Columnar

62
Q

STRUCTURE =
- multiple layers of thin cells

FUNCTION =
- protect against strong friction forces and UV radiation

LOCATION =
- skin
- tongue
- mouth
- esophagus
- vagina
- cervix

A

Stratified Squamous

63
Q

STRUCTURE =
- multiple layers of cuboidal cells

FUNCTION =
- protection
- SOME secretion
- SOME absorption

LOCATION =
- sweat glands
- part of the male urethra

A

Stratified Cuboidal

64
Q

STRUCTURE =
- irregularly shaped basal layers
- apical layer has columnar cells

FUNCTION =
- protection
- secretion

LOCATION =
- some glands

Overall? Quite RARE.

A

Stratified Columnar

65
Q

STRUCTURE =
appearance varies…
- changes shape depending on the state of stretch

FUNCTION =
- allows for stretch to hold variable amounts of liquid

LOCATION =
- urinary bladder

A

Transitional

66
Q

an epithelial tissue involved in the production and release of different secretory hormones (ex. sweat, saliva, mucous, digestive enzymes, hormones, etc)

A

Glandular Epithelium

67
Q

function for secretion
are categorized into 2 groups

A

Epithelial Glands

68
Q

secrete contents directly INTO the blood

A

Endocrine Glands

69
Q

secrete into a lumen or duct, then empty ONTO a surface (ex. skin)

A

Exocrine Glands

70
Q

__(1)__ Tissues perform many different functions:

  • __(2)__ tissues together
  • __(3)__ and __(4)__ tissue
  • protect and insulate __(5)__
  • __(6)__ reserves and __(7)__ responses
  • store __(8)__ and __(9)__
A

(1) = Connective
(2) = bind
(3) = support
(4) = strengthen
(5) = internal organs
(6) = energy
(7) = immune
(8) = adipocytes
(9) = calcium

71
Q

__(1)__ Tissue is highly __(2)__ and suppled with many __(3)__ (exceptions are cartilage and tendons where there are little to no nerves).

A

(1) = Connective
(2) = vascular
(3) = nerves

72
Q

In __(1)__ Tissues, cells are __(2)__ and surrounded by an __(3)__ (which consists of protein fibers and ground substance - this ground substance may be fluid, gelatinous, or solid).

A

(1) = Connective
(2) = scattered
(3) = extracellular matrix

73
Q

What are the 5 cells that compose Connective Tissue?

A

1. fibroblasts

#2. chondrocytes
#3. adipocytes
#4. osteocytes
#5. white blood cells

74
Q
  • make up the majority of cells within connective tissue
  • secrete protein fibers
A

Fibroblasts

75
Q

found in cartilaginous connective tissue

A

Chondrocytes

76
Q

store fats

A

Adipocytes

77
Q

make bone

A

Osteocytes

78
Q

found in blood

A

White Blood Cells

79
Q

What are the 3 common fibers secreted by connective tissue?

A

1. Collagen fibers

#2. Elastin fibers
#3. Reticular fibers

80
Q
  • strong
  • resist pulling
  • NOT stiff
A

Collagen Fibers

81
Q

strong, BUT CAN stretch

A

Elastin Fibers

82
Q
  • supportive
  • mesh-like
A

Reticular Fibers

83
Q
  • Mesenchyme
  • Mucous connective tissue
A

EMBRYONIC Connective Tissue

84
Q
  • Loose connective tissue
  • Dense connective tissue
  • Cartilage
  • Bone
  • Liquid
A

MATURE Connective Tissue

85
Q

Loose Connective Tissue is divided in 3 categories:

A

1. Areolar connective tissue

#2. Adipose connective tissue
#3. Reticular connective tissue

86
Q

Most abundant in the body!

STRUCTURE =
- viscous (sticky) ground substances
- lots of blood vessels

FUNCTION =
- strength
- protection
- support

LOCATION =
- attach skin to underlying tissues
- packing between muscles, nerves, etc

A

Areolar Connective Tissue

87
Q

STRUCTURE =
- closely packed adipocytes

FUNCTION =
- reduces heat loss
- padding
- source of energy

LOCATION =
- subcutaneous (under the skin) layer
- surrounds organs

A

Adipose Connective Tissue

88
Q

STRUCTURE =
- network of interlacing reticular fibers
- viscous ground substance

FUNCTION =
- forms a scaffolding (stroma, which is the supportive tissue of an epithelial organ, tumor, gonad, etc) to lymphatic organs (spleen and lymph nodes)

LOCATION =
- spleen
- lymph nodes
- bone marrow

A

Reticular Connective Tissue

89
Q

Dense Connective Tissue is divided into 3 categories:

A

1. Dense Irregular connective tissue

#2. Dense Regular connective tissue
#3. Elastic connective tissue

90
Q

STRUCTURE =
- fibroblasts and collagen fibers are RANDOMLY arranged

FUNCTION =
- provides strength from forces pulling in MULTIPLE directions

LOCATION =
- fascia
- periosteum
- dermis of skin

A

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

91
Q

STRUCTURE =
- fibroblasts and collagen fibers are REGULARLY arranged

FUNCTION =
- provides strength from forces pulling along ONE axis

LOCATION =
- tendons
- ligaments

A

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

92
Q

STRUCTURE =
- fibroblasts
- freely branching elastic fibers

FUNCTION =
- allows stretching

LOCATION =
- lung tissue
- walls of elastic arteries

A

Elastic Connective Tissue

93
Q
  • collagen and elastic fibers in a gel-like substance
  • has poor blood supply
  • repair is slow
A

Cartilage

94
Q

Cartilage is divided into 3 groups:

A

1. Hyaline cartilage

#2. Fibrocartilage
#3. Elastic cartilage

95
Q

STRUCTURE =
- chondrocytes with collagen fibers and a gel-like substance

FUNCTION =
- provides a smooth surface for joint movement

LOCATION =
- end of long bones
- parts of ribs, nose, and trachea

A

Hyaline Cartilage

96
Q

STRUCTURE =
- thick bundles of collagen fibers

FUNCTION =
- provides strength
- joint structures
- shock absorption

LOCATION =
- intervertebral discs
- menisci

A

Fibrocartilage

97
Q

STRUCTURE =
- chondrocytes with elastic fibers

FUNCTION =
- strength
- elasticity

LOCATION =
- epiglottis
- external ear

A

Elastic Cartilage

98
Q

a connective tissue with a calcified extracellular matrix

A

Bone

99
Q

atypical liquid connective tissues

A

Blood & Lymph

100
Q

used for movement

A

Muscular Tissues

101
Q

Muscular Tissues are classified into 3 groups:
__(1)__ - heart
__(2)__ - movement of skeleton
__(3)__ - blood vessels and visceral

A

(1) = Cardiac
(2) = Skeletal
(3) = Smooth

102
Q

generate electrical signals for communication

A

Nervous Tissues

103
Q

consist of EPITHELEAL tissue and the CONNECTIVE tissue to which it is attached

A

Epithelial Membranes

104
Q
  • aka “Mucosa”
  • composed of an epithelium and lamina propria that lines the body tracts (ex. respiratory) that open to the external environment
A

Mucous Membrane

105
Q

a mesothelial tissue that lines certain internal cavities of the body, forming a smooth, transparent, two-layered membrane lubricated by a fluid derived from serum

A

Serous Membrane

106
Q
  • aka “skin”
  • a soft covering that shields the underlying organs
A

Cutaneous Membrane

107
Q

a specialized connective tissue that lines the inner surface of capsules of synovial joints and tendon sheaths

A

Synovial Membrane

BIOL 110 - 001/002 (2 decks)

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