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BIOL 110 - 001/002 > Anatomical Terminology and Homeostasis & Cell (LECTURE #1) > Flashcards

Anatomical Terminology and Homeostasis & Cell (LECTURE #1) Flashcards

1
Q

the study of structure and form

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

the study of the function of body parts and how they work

A

Physiology

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3
Q

the sum of all the chemical reactions that occur within the body
broken down into 2 groups

A

Metabolism

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4
Q

when large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules

A

Catabolism

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5
Q

small molecules come together to form larger molecules

A

Anabolism

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6
Q

What are the 6 Levels of Organization from smallest to largest?

A

1. Chemical (atomic or molecular)

#2. Cellular
#3. Tissue
#4. Organ
#5. Organ System
#6. Organism

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7
Q

groups of similar cells that perform common functions
there are 4 main types

A

Tissues

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8
Q

covers exposed surfaces and lines body cavities

A

Epithelium Tissue

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9
Q

protects, supports, and binds structures and organs

A

Connective Tissue

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10
Q

produces movement

A

Muscle Tissue

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11
Q

conducts nerve impulses for communication

A

Nervous Tissue

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12
Q

structures composed of 2 or more tissue types (ex. heart, liver, bones, brain)

A

Organs

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13
Q

consists of related organs with a common function
***there are 11 of these in the human body:
1) Integumentary (skin, hair, nails)
2) Skeletal (bones and joints)
3) Muscular (skeletal, smooth, and cardiac)
4) Nervous (brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs)
5) Endocrine (hormone producing cells and glands)
6) Cardiovascular (heart, blood, and blood vessels)
7) Lymphatic (lymphatic fluid, lymph nodes, and lymphocytes)
8) Respiratory (airways, trachea, bronchi, and lungs)
9) Digestive (esophagus, stomach, and intestines)
10) Urinary (kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra)
11) Reproductive (ovaries, vagina, and uterus in women - testes and penis in men)

A

Organ System

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14
Q

a collective of organ systems

A

Organisms

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15
Q

subject stands erect, facing the observer with the head level, the eyes facing forward, feet flat on the floor directed forward, and the arms at their sides with their palms facing forward

A

Anatomical Position

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16
Q

lying face down

A

Prone

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17
Q

lying face up

A

Supine

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18
Q
  • above
  • top
  • toward/closer to the head
    ex. the chest is _______ to the pelvis
A

Superior

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19
Q
  • below
  • bottom
  • away from the head
  • closer to the feet
    ex. the stomach is _______ to the heart
A

Inferior

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20
Q

towards the head end
ex. the shoulders are _______ to the feet

A

Cranial (Cephalic)

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21
Q

towards the rear or tail end
ex. the buttocks are _______ to the head

A

Caudal

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22
Q

towards the nose or mouth
ex. the frontal lobe of the brain is _______ to the back of the head

A

Rostral

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23
Q

towards the front - at the belly side of the human body

A

Anterior (Ventral)

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24
Q

The stomach is __(1)__ to the spinal cord.
The umbilicus is on the __(2)__ side of the body.

A

(1) = anterior
(2) = ventral

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25
Q

towards the back - at the back side of the human body

A

Posterior (Dorsal)

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26
Q

The heart is __(1)__ to the sternum.
The spinal cord is on the __(2)__ side of the body.

A

(1) = posterior
(2) = dorsal

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27
Q

towards the midline
ex. the lungs are _______ to the shoulders

A

Medial

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28
Q

away from the midline
ex. the arms are _______ to the heart

A

Lateral

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29
Q

between medial and lateral

A

Intermediate

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30
Q

on the same side
ex. the right arm is _______ to the right leg

A

Ipsilateral

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31
Q

on the opposite side
ex. the right arm is _______ to the left leg

A

Contralateral

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32
Q
  • towards the surface of the body
  • closer to the outside, external to another structure
    ex. the skin is _______ to the biceps brachi
A

Superficial

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33
Q
  • towards the core of the body
  • closer to the inside, internal to another structure
    ex. the heart is _______ to the rib cage
A

Deep

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34
Q

closer to the origin of a limb
ex. the elbow is _______ to the hand

A

Proximal

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35
Q

farther away from the origin of a limb
ex. the wrist is _______ to the elbow

A

Distal

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36
Q

What are the 4 Anatomical Directional Terms relative to the front (belly side) and the back side of the body?

A

1. Anterior

#2. Posterior
#3. Ventral
#4. Dorsal

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37
Q

What are the 6 Anatomical Directional Terms relative to the midline or center of the body?

A

1. Medial

#2. Lateral
#3. Ipsilateral
#4. Contralateral
#5. Deep
#6. Superficial

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38
Q

What are the 5 Anatomical Directional Terms relative to the head or bottom of the body?

A

1. Superior

#2. Inferior
#3. Cranial (Cephalic)
#4. Caudal
#5. Rostral

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39
Q

What are the 2 Anatomical Directional Terms relative to the attachment of appendage?

A

1. Proximal

#2. Distal

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40
Q

a vertical plane that divides the body into equal right and left halves
ex. a _______ plane through the head will split it into a left half and a right half (each side containing one eye, one ear, and half of the nose and mouth)

A

Midsagittal/Median Plane

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41
Q

divides a structure into left and right portions that are NOT equal (parallel to either the left side or right side of the midsagittal plane)

A

Sagittal/Parasagittal Plane

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42
Q

How many midsagittal planes are there?
How many sagittal planes are there?

A

Midsagittal = 1
Sagittal = INFINITE

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43
Q

divides the body or organ into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) parts

A

Transverse/Cross-Sectional/Horizontal Plane

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44
Q

If a transverse plane is taken through the middle of the trunk, the __(1)__ portion contains the chest, and the __(2)__ portion contains the abdomen.

A

(1) = superior
(2) = inferior

45
Q

a vertical plane that divides the organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts

A

Coronal/Frontal Plane

46
Q

When a coronal or frontal plane is taken through the trunk, the anterior portion contains the __(1)__, and the posterior portions contains the __(2)__ and __(3)__.

A

(1) = chest
(2) = back
(3) = buttocks

47
Q

numerous minor planes that pass through a structure at an angle

A

Oblique Planes

48
Q

the _______ cavity is divided into 2 groups:
#1. Thoracic Cavity
#2. Abdominopelvic Cavity

A

Anterior (Ventral) Cavity

49
Q

the _______ cavity is divided into 2 groups:
#1. Cranial Cavity
#2. Vertebral Canal

A

Posterior (Dorsal) Cavity

50
Q

contains the brain

A

Cranial Cavity

51
Q
  • formed by the vertebral column
  • contains the spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves
A

Vertebral Canal

52
Q

larger, anteriorly placed cavity in the body

A

Ventral Cavity

53
Q

the __(1)__ divides the Ventral Cavity into a superior __(2)__ cavity and an inferior __(3)__ cavity

A

(1) = Thoracic Diaphragm
(2) = thoracic
(3) = abdominopelvic

54
Q

the _______ Cavity is divided into 3 categories:
#1. Mediastinum
#2. Pleural cavity
#3. Pericardial cavity

A

Thoracic Cavity

55
Q

Within the Thoracic Cavity, the median space between the lungs is called the _______. it contains the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels that connect to the heart.

A

Mediastinum

56
Q

Within the mediastinum, the heart is enclosed by a two-layered serous membrane called the serous __(1)__.

  • the __(2)__ is the outer layer of the serous membrane and forms the inner lining of the sac around the heart
  • the __(3)__ covers the heart’s external surface
A

(1) = pericardium
(2) = parietal pericardium
(3) = visceral pericardium

57
Q

The right and left sides of the thoracic cavity contain the lungs, which are associated with a two-layered serous membrane called the, __(1)__.

  • the __(2)__ is the outer layer of the serous membrane and lines the internal surface of the thoracic wall
  • the __(3)__ is the inner layer which covers the external surface of each lung
A

(1) = pleura
(2) = parietal pleura
(3) = visceral pleura

58
Q

the _______ Cavity is divided into 2 categories:
#1. Abdominal
#2. Pelvic

A

Abdominopelvic Cavity

59
Q
  • superior to the pelvic brim of the hip bones
  • contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine
  • serous membrane is peritoneum
A

Abdominal Cavity

60
Q
  • inferior to the pelvic bone
  • contains urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction
A

Pelvic Cavity

61
Q

The __(1)__ is the two-layered serous membrane associated with the abdominopelvic cavity.

  • __(2)__ = the outer layer that lines the internal walls of the abdominopelvic cavity
  • __(3)__ = the inner layer that covers the external surfaces of most abdominal and pelvic organs
A

(1) = peritoneum
(2) = parietal peritoneum
(3) = visceral peritoneum

62
Q

What are the 4 different Abdominopelvic Quadrants?

A

1. Left Upper Quadrant

#2. Right Upper Quadrant
#3. Left Lower Quadrant
#4. Right Lower Quadrant

63
Q

The Abdominopelvic Region is divided into 9 groups:
#1. Right __(1)__
#2. __(2)__
#3. Left __(3)__
#4. Right__(4)__
#5. __(5)__
#6. Left __(6)__
#7. Right __(7)__
#8. __(8)__
#9. Left __(9)__

A

(1) = Hypochondriac
(2) = Epigastric
(3) = Hypochondriac
(4) = Lumbar
(5) = Umbilical
(6) = Lumbar
(7) = Iliac
(8) = Hypogastric
(9) = Iliac

64
Q

the middle region named after the umbilicus, or navel (belly button), that lies in its center

A

Umbilical Region

65
Q

superior to the umbilical region

A

Epigastric Region

66
Q

lies inferior to the umbilical region

A

Hypogastric Region

67
Q

regions that are inferior to the cartilages (cartilage attached to the ribs), and lateral in the epigastric region

A

Right and Left Hypochondriac Regions

68
Q

regions that are lateral to the umbilical region

A

Right and Left Lumbar Regions

69
Q

regions that are lateral to the hypogastric region

A

Right and Left Iliac Regions

70
Q

the ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment, or “steady state”, in response to changing internal or external conditions

A

Homeostasis

71
Q

There are 2 types of _______:
#1. Positive
#2. Negative

A

Feedback Systems

72
Q

What are the 4 key components of a Homeostasis Control Mechanism?

A

1. Stimulus

#2. Receptor
#3. Control Center
#4. Effector

73
Q

changes in a variable that is regulated
ex. temperature, stretch in muscle

A

Stimulus

74
Q

structure that detects the stimulus
ex. sensory neurons in the skin, stretch receptors in the muscles

A

Receptor

75
Q

If the receptor and control center are separate structures, the receptor sends _______ information to the control center.

A

input

76
Q

structure (usually the brain or endocrine gland) that integrates input and the initiates change through the effector(s)

A

Control Center

77
Q

The control center sends _______ information to the effector(s).

A

output

78
Q

a structure (ex. muscle, or gland) that brings about a change to the stimulus

A

Effector

79
Q

If a homeostatic system is controlled by a _______, the stimulus here is reinforced to continue in the SAME direction until a climatic event occurs.

A

Positive Feedback System

80
Q

If a homeostatic system is controlled by _______, the resulting action will always be in the OPPOSITE direction of the stimulus.

A

Negative Feedback System

81
Q

Childbirth or breastfeeding are examples of a _______ feedback system.

A

positive

82
Q

Body temperature is an example of a _______ feedback system.

A

negative

83
Q

C E P H A L I C (head) Cavity {ANTERIOR view}:
__(1)__ (forehead)
__(2)__ (eye)
__(3)__ (nose)
__(4)__ (cheek)
__(5)__ (mouth)
__(6)__ (chin)

A

(1) = Frontal
(2) = Orbital
(3) = Nasal
(4) = Buccal
(5) = Oral
(6) = Mental

84
Q

C E P H A L I C (head) Cavity {POSTERIOR view}:
__(1)__ (surrounding the brain)
__(2)__ (back of the head)
__(3)__ (ear)

A

(1) = Cranial
(2) = Occipital
(3) = Auricular

85
Q

the neck region
(same view regardless whether you look at it from an anterior or posterior angle)

A

Cervical Cavity

86
Q

T H O R A C I C Cavity {ANTERIOR view}:
__(1)__ (armpit)
__(2)__ (breast)
__(3)__ (chest)
__(4)__ (sternum)

A

(1) = Axillary
(2) = Mammary
(3) = Pectoral
(4) = Sternal

87
Q

T H O R A C I C Cavity {POSTERIOR view}:
_______ (spinal column)

A

Vertebral

88
Q

U P P E R Extremity {ANTERIOR view}:
__(1)__ (shoulder)
__(2)__ (arm)
__(3)__ (front of elbow)
__(4)__ (forearm)
__(5)__ (wrist)
__(6)__ (palm)
__(7)__ (finger)

A

(1) = Deltoid
(2) = Brachial
(3) = Antecubital
(4) = Antebrachial
(5) = Carpal
(6) = Palmar
(7) = Digital

89
Q

U P P E R Extremity {POSTERIOR view}:
__(1)__ (shoulder)
__(2)__ (arm)
__(3)__ (elbow)
__(4)__ (forearm)
__(5)__ (wrist)
__(6)__ of the hand
__(7)__ (hand)

A

(1) = Deltoid
(2) = Brachial
(3) = Olecranal
(4) = Antebrachial
(5) = Carpal
(6) = Dorsum
(7) = Manus

90
Q

A B D O M I N A L (abdomen) Cavity {ANTERIOR view}:
_______

A

Abdomen

91
Q

A B D O M I N A L (abdomen) Cavity {POSTERIOR view}:
__(1)__ (lower back)
__(2)__
__(3)__ (buttocks)
__(4)__

A

(1) = Lumbar
(2) = Sacral
(3) = Gluteal
(4) = Perineal

92
Q

P E L V I C Region {ANTERIOR view}:
__(1)__ (hip)
__(2)__ (groin)

A

(1) = Coxal
(2) = Inguinal

93
Q

L O W E R Extremity {ANTERIOR view}:
__(1)__ (thigh)
__(2)__ (kneecap)
__(3)__ (leg)
__(4)__ (ankle)

SUB-REGION = __(5)__ (foot)
__(6)__ of the foot
__(7)__ (toe)

A

(1) = Femoral
(2) = Patellar
(3) = Crural
(4) = Tarsal
(5) = Pes
(6) = Dorsum
(7) = Digital

94
Q

L O W E R Extremity {POSTERIOR view}:
__(1)__ (thigh)
__(2)__ (posterior of knee)
__(3)__ (leg)
__(4)__ (calf)
__(5)__ (heel)
__(6)__ (sole)

A

(1) = Femoral
(2) = Popliteal
(3) = Crural
(4) = Sural
(5) = Calcaneal
(6) = Plantar Surface

95
Q

Q#1. Is the pubic superior or inferior to the abdomen?
Q#2. From which view can one see the pubic region - anterior or posterior?

A

A#1. inferior
A#2. anterior

96
Q

_______ contains the following:
- Cytoskeleton
- Cilia
- Flagella
- Ribosomes
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Golgi Apparatus
- Lysosomes
- Peroxisomes
- Mitochondria

A

Cytoplasm

97
Q

C Y T O P L A S M:
all __(1)__ contents found between the __(2)__ and the __(3)__ (includes, cytosol, organelles, and inclusions)

A

(1) = cellular
(2) = plasma membrane
(3) = nucleus

98
Q

organized network of protein filaments and hollow tubules that provide organization, support, and movement of the cell

A

Cytoskeleton

99
Q

extensions of plasma membrane supported by microtubules that move materials past the cell

A

Cilia

100
Q

whiplike locomotory extension of the plasma membrane (this is what allows a sperm cell to move)

A

Flagella/Flagellum

101
Q
  • organelles composed of proteins and rRNA
  • where protein synthesis takes place
A

Ribosomes

102
Q
  • an organelle composed of an extensive network of connected membranes
  • involved in the synthesis, transport, and storage of macromolecules
  • involved in the detoxification of drugs
  • can be smooth or rough
A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

103
Q

__(1)__ = endoplasmic reticulum WITH ribosomes attached
__(2)__ = endoplasmic reticulum WITHOUT ribosomes attached

A

(1) = Rough ER
(2) = Smooth ER

104
Q

a series of saclike membranes that act as a center/warehouse that packages, sorts, and modifies molecules arriving from the endoplasmic reticulum in a transport vesicle

A

Golgi Apparatus

105
Q

organelles containing digestive enzymes

A

Lysosomes

106
Q

small, membrane-enclosed, spherical sacs that contain over 50 different enzymes that vary by cell type

A

Peroxisomes

107
Q

organelles associated with production of ATP during aerobic cellular respiration

A

Mitochondria

108
Q
  • a cellular structure that houses DNA
  • a group of cell bodies in the central nervous system
A

Nucleus

BIOL 110 - 001/002 (2 decks)

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