Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychobio Mem and Emo > Mem and Emo (2) > Flashcards

Mem and Emo (2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the memory strength of STM?

A

(STM) lasts for minutes-hours, but then decays

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the memory strength of LTM?

A

(LTM) emerges over time and persists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the effect of brain stimulation?

A

Causally-changing behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

An advantage of brain stimulation?

A

demonstrates true involvement in a task

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

An disadvantage of brain stimulation?

A

need to know where to look

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

3 advantages of brain imaging?

A
  1. demonstrates involvement regardless of necessity
  2. can image whole brain
  3. can provide insight into how a brain area contributes to a task
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

2 disadvantages of brain imaging?

A
  1. doesn’t demonstrate necessity

2. susceptible to false positives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is anisomycin?

A

a bacterial compound that impairs protein synthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the effects of anisomycin on the amygdala?

A

Infusion of anisomycin into the amygdala impairs fear memory consolidation – STM intact; LTM impaired.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is ARC protein important for?

A

consolidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What type of receptors are required for memory acquisition?

A

NMDA receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What type of synthesis does NMDA receptors allow?

A

Arc synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What type of conditioning is the amygdala involved in?

A

Fear conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 3 stages of visual?

A

Iconic memory
Short-term memory
Long-term memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How long does iconic memory last for?

A

persists for around a single second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How long does short-term memory last for?

A

persisting for several seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How long does long-term memory last for?

A

last for up to an entire lifetime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?

A

electromagnet to induce small electrical currents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the effects of TMS on the brain?

A

altering brain activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What 3 type of lesions are there?

A

excitotoxic lesions
electrolytic
aspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is an excitotoxic lesion?

A

chemicals to over-stimulate neurons to death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is an electrolytic lesion?

A

electrical current-induced damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is an aspiration lesion?

A

sucking out a part of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are lesions used for in research?

A

distinguishing between areas that might be involved in acquisition vs. retention and expression of memories

25
Q

What is inactivation of a brain region?

A

Brain regions can be reversibly inhibited with chemicals

26
Q

Visceral inputs connect to the amygdala from the?

A

Hypothalamus
Orbital cortex
Septal Area
Parabrachial nucleus

27
Q

Olfactory inputs connect to the amygdala from the?

A

Olfactory Bulb

28
Q

Auditory, visual and somatosensory inputs connect to the amygdala via the?

A

Temporal and anterior cingulate cortices

29
Q

What is the ventral amygdalofugal output pathway of the amygdala important for?

A

Allows motivation and drives influence responses

30
Q

What type of learning does the ventral amygdalofugal pathway allow?

A

Associative learning

31
Q

What response does the central nucleus of the amygdala produce?

A

Autonomic components of emotion

32
Q

What 3 changes make up autonomic components of emotion?

A

Changes in heart rate, blood pressure and respiration

33
Q

What output pathways from the amygdala produce autonomic components of emotion?

A

Lateral hypothalamus

Brain stem

34
Q

What type of lesions in the amygdala cause increased intensity in emotion?

A

Irritative

35
Q

What type of lesions in the amygdala cause decreased intensity in emotion?

A

Ablation = removal

36
Q

What other area in the brain is the amygdala connected to in order to recognise facial emotions?

A

Inferotemporal cortex

37
Q

The amygdala is connected to what other part of the brain in fear conditioning?

A

Thalamus

38
Q

Other than fear conditioning what other type of learning is the amygdala involved in?

A

Pleasureful emotional learning

39
Q

How does the amygdala process pleasureful emotional learning?

A

Establishes a link between the stimulus and the reward gained

40
Q

What is the neural circuit mechanism of memory?

A

Synaptic activity causes responses in the body to certain stimuli, which are kept in memory through hebbian learning.

41
Q

What neurotransmitter increases sensitisation of learning?

A

Serotonin

42
Q

How does serotonin increase sensitisation of neurones?

A

Modulates strength of connection between sensory and motor neurones

43
Q

Principle of learning in terms of biochemistry?

A

Secondary messenger systems are used

44
Q

Principle of memory in terms of biochemistry?

A

Change in neuronal membrane channels

45
Q

What is a critical secondary messenger involved in memory?

A

cyclic AMP

46
Q

In terms of biology, what is a major difference between ltm and stm?

A

Ltm involves changes in protein synthesis and gene regulation.

47
Q

What changes have to occur in the brain for LTM to be effective?

A

Structure of neurones, varicosities (swelling), growth of new synapses

48
Q

What other transcription factor is specifically needed for LTM?

A

CREB - cAMP response element binding protein

49
Q

What is CREB involved in for LTM?

A

Regulate gene expression, causes changes in protein expression for inducing LTM’s.

50
Q

What is instrumental conditioning?

A

Behaviours are performed to produce a desired effect

51
Q

What is Urbach-Wiethe disease?

A

Selective degeneration to amygdala in both sides of the brain

52
Q

What causes Urbach-Wiethe disease?

A

Selective accumulation of calcium deposits in the amygdala, causing neuronal cell death

53
Q

What chemical from a puffer fish is capable of silencing brain activity?

A

Tertrodotoxin

54
Q

How does tetrodotoxin silence brain activity?

A

Blocks sodium channels, preventing action potentials from firing.

55
Q

What chemicals can be used as agonists for GABAergic receptors?

A

Baclofen/muscimol

56
Q

How does the increased activation of GABAergic neurotransmitter silence brain activity?

A

Neuronal inhibition occurs, causing reduced brain activity.

57
Q

What happens to proteins in the consolidation of LTM?

A

Phosphorylated by kinases

58
Q

What pathway regulates ARC protein expression?

A

ERK/MAPK, phosphorylates kinases to regulate ARC proteins

59
Q

What does the ERK/MAPK signalling pathway do?

A

Phosphorylates proteins, such as the ARC protein

Psychobio Mem and Emo (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions