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Biology Matric > MEIOSIS > Flashcards

MEIOSIS Flashcards

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1
Q

MEIOSIS

A

cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms in the gonads

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2
Q

MEIOSIS IN ANIMALS

A

testes of male animals

ovaries of female animals

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3
Q

MEIOSIS IN PLANTS

A

regions called sporangia that produce spores in the anther

ovaries in the pistil

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4
Q

INTERPHASE

A
  • DNA replication takes place and single stranded chromosomes become 2ble
  • each chromosome = two chromatids & one centromere
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5
Q

PURPOSE OF MEIOSIS

A
  • forming gametes (diploid becomes haploid gametes which fuze to form zygotes)
  • forming spores (haploid spores grow into gametophytes which produce gametes that fuze to form diploid zygotes)
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6
Q

IMPORTANCE OF MEIOSIS

A
  • maintains chromosome number w sexual reproduction
  • essential for gamete production
  • leads to genetic variation in populations
  • repairing, growth, and replacing
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7
Q

HOMOLOGOUS PAIR

A

one chromosome from mother and one from father, ensures organisms have characteristics from both parents

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8
Q

KARYOTYPE

A

complete diploid set of chromosomes arranged according to shape and size within an organism’s body cells

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9
Q

HUMAN KARYOTYPE

A

22 ordinary chromosome pairs

one pair of gonosomes

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10
Q

GONOSOMES

A

sex chromosomes

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11
Q

HUMAN DIPLOID CHROMOSOME NO.

A

46

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12
Q

MALE VS FEMALE GONOSOMES

A

M - XY

F - XX

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13
Q

CELL CYCLE

A

the time period during which the cell grows, divides and replicates genetic material

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14
Q

MITOSIS

A

the division of somatic cells for growth, repairing damaged tissues and ace rep

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15
Q

PROPHASE

A
  • chromatin network threads shorten and thicken to be visible as double stranded chromosomes
  • nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear
  • centrosome duplicates and centrioles move to opposite poles
  • spindle fibers form between the centrioles
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16
Q

METAPHASE

A

chromosomes move to the equator in a single row and some spindle fibers attach to centromeres

17
Q

ANAPHASE

A
  • each centromere divides in two
  • chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
  • now known as daughter chromosomes
  • cytokinesis begins
18
Q

CYTOKINESIS

A

division of the cytoplasm

19
Q

TELOPHASE

A
  • daughter chromosomes position @ the poles
  • nuclear membrane is formed around each group of d.c.
  • nucleolus forms in each nucleus
  • cytokinesis occurs
  • two identical daughter cells are formed
20
Q

MEIOSIS I

A

chromosome number is halved and genetic material is exchanged

21
Q

MEIOSIS II

A

like normal mitosis where daughter chromosomes separate

22
Q

PROPHASE I

A
  • chromatin network shortens and thickens = chromosomes
  • homologous chromosomes arrange in pairs
  • two chromosomes of each pair lie close tog to form a bivalent. each chromosome splits and are known as sister chromatids
  • crossing over occurs and segments of chromatids break off and are exchanged
  • nucleolus/membrane disappear and centrosomes duplicates and moves to opp poles of the cells
  • spindle fibers develop between centrioles
23
Q

CROSSING OVER

A

results in the recombination of genetic material between maternal and paternal chromosomes

24
Q

CHIASMATA

A

the points at which the chromatids cross over and breakages occur

25
Q

METAPHASE I

A

bivalents position on the equator, w chromosomes in a double row on either side. spindle fibers attach to centromeres

26
Q

ANAPHASE I

A
  • spindle fibers contract, pulling chromosomes towards poles
  • homologous chromosomes separated
  • each chro of the bivalent moves to opp poles and cytokinesis begins
27
Q

TELOPHASE I

A
  • chromosomes group at the poles
  • spindle fibers disappear
  • nuclear membrane forms around each group and cytokinesis is complete
28
Q

PROPHASE II

A
  • each chromosomes has two chromatids and a centromere
  • nucleolus/membrane disappear
  • a spindle forms (centrioles at opp poles and fibres)
29
Q

METAPHASE II

A

chromosomes align in single row on the equator, spindle fibers attach

30
Q

ANAPHASE II

A
  • centromere of each chromosomes splits in two, and move to sep poles
  • chromatids are now known as daughter chromosomes and cytokinesis begins
31
Q

TELOPHASE II

A
  • d.c group at poles and spindle fibers disappear
  • nuclear mem/olus forms
  • cytokinesis occurs
  • invagination in animals, cell plate develops in plants on equator
  • cytokinesis complete, 4 daughter cells formed
32
Q

GENETIC VARIATION

A

the differences that occur as a result of diff gene combinations between the organisms of a species

33
Q

ABNORMAL MEIOSIS

A

when meiosis doesn’t proceed normally, changes in chro no. or structure occurs

34
Q

ANEUPLOIDY

A

a condition where there are extra/missing chromosomes

35
Q

DOWN SYNDROME

A
  • 47 chromosomes
  • at chromosome pair no. 21
  • aka Trisomy 21
36
Q

DS CHARACTERISTICS

A
  • small eyes
  • flat forehead and nose bridge
  • mental retardation
  • large tongue
37
Q

SIMILARITIES BETWEEN MEI AND MIT

A
  • both are cell division
  • both require DNA replication in interphase
  • both have PMAT
38
Q

DIFF BETWEEN MEI AND MIT

A
  • only 1 division in mit, two in mei
  • no homo pairing in mit
  • no crossing over in mit
  • 2 d.c. formed in mit, 4 in mei
39
Q

TWO TYPES OF CELL DIVISION

A

meiosis and mitosis

Biology Matric (4 decks)

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