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biology 1101 > Meiosis > Flashcards

Meiosis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Sister chromatids are?

A

identical chromatids
created from the same
replicative event. One
half of a chromosome

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2
Q

homologous chromosomes are?

A

pair of 2 chromosomes

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3
Q

sperm and egg cells

A

gametes

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4
Q

gametes are

A

haploid

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5
Q

meiosis

A

special type of cell
division which reduces diploid
cells to haploid cells

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6
Q

somatic cells

A

non-reproductive cells

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7
Q

when sperm and egg cells fuse they form a

A

zygote

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8
Q

fusion of cells is called

A

syngamy

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9
Q

what is the product of meiosis

A

4 gametes

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10
Q

crossing over during prophase 1 of meiosis creates

A

genetic diversity

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11
Q

chromosome pair up on

A

synaptonemal complex

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12
Q

site of crossovers

A

chiasma

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13
Q

metaphase 1 determines

A

gamete genotypes

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14
Q

Chromosome number does not change during

A

mitosis

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15
Q

prokaryotes have —— chromosomes

A

circular

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16
Q

circular DNA replication has — forks

A

2

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17
Q

3 constraints of DNA replication

A

initiation, elongation, incorporation error

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18
Q

Strand with 3’ end facing fork

A

leading strand (continuous replication)

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19
Q

Strand with 5’ end facing fork

A

lagging strand (semi-discontinuous replication)

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20
Q

In the minor grove removing steric strain or torsional strain or keeping it from kinking

A

DNA gyrase

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21
Q

Moves in the major grove splits DNA down the center splitting nucleotides at the hydrogen bonds. Unzips DNA

A

helicase

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22
Q

SSB

A

keep strand identity and keep strands separated

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23
Q

Primase

A

Synthesizes short RNA fragment to allow nucleotide addition.

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24
Q

DNA Pol 3

A

Builds off primase adding nucleotides, quickly elongating DNA.

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25
Q

DNA pol 1

A

Can remove primers, add nucleotides, complementary base pairs, and “proof reads” DNA

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26
Q

Linker enzyme that connects the discontinuous smaller sections of DNA that is
replicated

A

DNA ligase

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27
Q

Okazaki fragments are formed on

A

lagging strand

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28
Q

DNA is

A

Double Helix, made of paired monomer nucleotides

29
Q

set of paired monomers

A

base pair

30
Q

DNA is held together by

A

hydrogen bonds

31
Q

Phosphate group

A

“Backbone” of the molecule.
Involved in linking
nucleotides together

32
Q

nitrogenous bases

A

structures
with aromatic rings.

33
Q

can either be RNA or DNA

A

sugar

34
Q

3 parts of a nucleotide

A

pentose, phosphate, nitrogenous base

35
Q

5 bases

A

adnenine,guanine,cytosine,uracil,tyhmine

36
Q

nucleosides

A

nitrogenous base paired to a sugar

37
Q

nucleotides

A

phosphate group paired to the sugar

38
Q

nucleoside triphosphate

A

have 3 phosphate groups

39
Q

Purines

A

adenine, guanine

40
Q

pyrimidines

A

cytosine, uracil, thymine

41
Q

prymidines have

A

one ring

42
Q

monohybrid cross

A

crosses which follow
two variations on a single trait

43
Q

inbred/true breeding line

A

genetic lineage the offspring have the same traits as the parents

44
Q

hybrid cross

A

A cross where individuals differ in traits

45
Q

homozygote

A

genotype has two copies of the same allele

46
Q

heterozygote

A

genotype has two different alleles

47
Q

dihybrid cross

A

cross between 2 inbred lines that differ in 2 traits

48
Q

Mendel’s postulate’s

A

units factor in pairs, dominance/recessiveness, segregation, independent assortment

49
Q

units factor in pairs

A

Genetics characters are controlled by a unit factor
existing in Pairs In organisms

50
Q

dominance/recessiveness

A

When two unalike (heterozygous) units
(alleles) are present, one unit is dominate to the other

51
Q

segregation

A

During the formation of gametes the paired unit factors
(alleles) segregate randomly so each gamete receives on factor (allele)
with equal likelihood

52
Q

independent assortment

A

During the formation of gametes
segregating pairs of unit factors assort independently of each other

53
Q

genotype

A

The actual inherited alleles.

54
Q

phenotype

A

The actual expression of the trait

55
Q

test cross

A

Crossing an unknown genotype, with a homozygous individual with a
recessive trait

56
Q

Loci

A

The physical location a gene is located. Often each locus represents where a gene
could be.

57
Q

multiplication rule

A

probability of BOTH events occurring

58
Q

addition rule

A

probability of EITHER of two events occurring

59
Q

incomplete dominance

A

When phenotypic classes
produce a heterozygous condition in between that of the two
homozygous phenotypic classes

60
Q

epistasis

A

Interactions between genes that disturb normal Mendelian ratios

61
Q

When a genes expression can effect
many phenotypes

A

pleiotropy

62
Q

SNP

A

A shift of a single base in DNA

63
Q

SRY gene

A

controls male sex development in humans

64
Q

Barr body

A

inactivated X chromosome

65
Q

gene dosage compensation

A

Equalization
of genetic products (proteins) between sexes

66
Q

chimera genetics

A

When
phenotypic expression is altered
by the suppression of genes

67
Q

genetic linkage

A

Traits whose loci are in close
chromosomal proximity, tend to be inherited
together.

68
Q

genetic mapping

A

Determine the loci of a
trait by its physical or recombination distance
from other traits on a chromosome

biology 1101 (3 decks)

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