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biology 1101 > anatomy unit 3 > Flashcards

anatomy unit 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

in early development all cells are …

A

stem cells

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2
Q

Outer most layer makes skin and nervous cells

A

ectoderm

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3
Q

Middle layer becomes connective and muscular cells

A

mesoderm

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4
Q

Inner layer becomes digestive and respiratory tracts

A

endoderm

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5
Q

Over time tissues will degrade and break down

A

atrophy

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6
Q

study of structure
and appearance of
tissue and cellular
lines

A

histology

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7
Q

Large transmembrane
proteins, will connect interior protein networks to exterior protein networks

A

integrins

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8
Q

Layer
of extracellular
matrix that
separates and
provides structure
between cell lines

A

Basal Lamina

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9
Q

Linkage of extra
cellular matrix across a cell line or tissue
type. Becomes a membrane like structure
that tissues can anchor to

A

basement membrane

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10
Q

Gel-like substance of
interstitial fluid that fills in areas between
ECM and Basement Membrane

A

ground substance

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11
Q

Interstitial means…

A

area between cells

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12
Q

Never connects to actin always connects to intermediate filaments. They create a structural connections to tissues

A

desmosome

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13
Q

Calcium dependent junctions of muscle, skin, and bone

A

adhesive junctions

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14
Q

These Junctions can prevent the moving of macromolecules and solutions between cells

A

tight junctions

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15
Q

Cells with common structure and function

A

Tissue

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16
Q

4 main types of tissue

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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17
Q

Two classifying criteria for epithelial cells

A
  1. number of layers of cells 2. shape of cells
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18
Q

single layer….

A

simple cells

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19
Q

multiple tiers….

A

stratified cells

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20
Q

6 functions of epithelial tissue

A

protection, secretion, excretion, absorption, filtration, sensation

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21
Q

Major role of most epidermis or skin cells, creates a physical barrier, also seen in stomach epithelial tissue

A

protection

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22
Q

Many glands are epithelial or have components of and
secret mucus, sweat, enzymes, and hormones

A

secretion

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23
Q

Pulmonary epithelium Carbon dioxide, while liver epithelium excretes bile

A

excretion

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24
Q

Nutrient up take like in the small intestine. One of the reasons it is ciliated is to facilitate surface area. Also, heat and Vitamin D

A

absorption

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25
Q

Epithelia in kidneys filters blood and nutrients

A

filtration

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26
Q

Skin cells frequently form at end of neurons to facilitate and protect nerves

A

sensation

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27
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

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28
Q

muscle tissue has specialized cells for….

A

contraction, motion, posture, heat production

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29
Q

skeletal tissue is…

A

voluntary and striated

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30
Q

muscle tissue is…

A

involuntary and striated

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31
Q

nervous tissue function

A

conduct impulses to nerves, muscles, glands

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32
Q

Nervous cell that takes an impulse to the cell body

A

dendrite

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33
Q

where the nucleus of the cell is found

A

cell body

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34
Q

Part of the nervous cell that takes an impulse away from the cell body

A

axon

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35
Q

junction between two nerve cells where impulse has to travel across

A

synaptic junction

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36
Q

bind and supports other tissues

A

connective tissue

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37
Q

extracellular matrix

A

liquid, solid, jelly-like substance

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38
Q

major types of connective tissue

A

fibrous, cartilage, bone, blood

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39
Q

Star shaped - protein
secretors

A

fibroblasts

40
Q

release heparin and
histamine

A

mast cells

41
Q

types of fibrous connective tissue

A

areolar, adipose, collagenous, reticular, elastic

42
Q

These are loose connective tissues
made of fibroblasts.
Found in fluid matrices around blood
vessels, and between skin and muscle
cells.

A

areolar tissue

43
Q

Loose connective tissue that helps insulate and retain heat. Plays a major role in fat soluble storage

A

adipose tissue

44
Q

Fibers form parallel bundles of connective tissue

A

collagenous and reticular tissue

45
Q

This is a jelly like or squishy material made of chondroitin matrix.

A

Cartlidge tissue

46
Q

Protects bone on bone interactions. Mostly translucent and looks like grass like projections found around other cell. Seen in most joints and trachea

A

hyaline cartilage

47
Q

Thicker spongy cartilage found in intervertebral discs

A

fibrocartlidge

48
Q

Mix of chondrocytes and elastin fibers. Found in the ears.

A

elastic cartlidge

49
Q

has limited blood supply and recovers from
injury very slowly

A

cartlidge

50
Q

5 major functions of bone tissue

A

protection, movement, support, storage, hemopoiesis

51
Q

blood tissue functions

A

carrying co2 and oxygen, waste, immunity, clotting

52
Q

the set of organs and
tissues which makes up the outer most layer of an animal.

A

integumentary system

53
Q

what is an organ?

A

When two or more types of tissues group together and preform a
specialized function

54
Q

6 main functions of integumentary system

A

barrier to injury and infection, barrier to external conditions, vitamin d synthesis, sensation, thermoregulation, nonverbal communication

55
Q

3 layers of integumentary

A

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

56
Q

Pigments, protection,
and keratinized cells

A

epidermis

57
Q

Sensation, secretion, and
hairs

A

dermis

58
Q

Fats, filaments, and blood

A

hypodermis

59
Q

Keratinization

A

water-proofing

60
Q

melanin moving from Melanocytes to Keratinocytes

A

Cytocrine secretion

61
Q

5 layers of epidermis

A

stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

62
Q

Outermost layer
Dead, keratinized,
non-nucleated cells

A

stratum corneum

63
Q

Soles and Palms
appear clear without
nuclei or organelles

A

stratum lucidum

64
Q

3 to 5 layers of flatten
cells containing keratin and shriveled nuclei

A

stratum granulosum

65
Q

Many layers of cells, large
oval nuclei, developing
strands of keratin

A

stratum spinosum

66
Q

deepest layer

A

stratum basale

67
Q

These cells release a natural pigment called melanin

A

melanocytes

68
Q

Close to equator or under heavy sunlight =

A

heavy melanin production

69
Q

Areas with limited UV-B =

A

Decreased Melanin to maximize Vitamin D synthesis

70
Q

“True melanin” Darker colored melanin more efficient in general and especially at UV-B absorption

A

eumelanin

71
Q

Incorporates a sulfur linkage in ring, typically with cysteine side group.
Found in skin and hair with a large variance of
colorations.

A

pheomelanin

72
Q

Dermis is separated from the epidermis by the ?

A

basement membrane

73
Q

Dermal papillae

A

downward waves

74
Q

Epidermal ridges

A

raised grooves

75
Q

what is dermis?

A

Highly specialized epithelial tissue with
many glands and follicles

76
Q

2 major layers of dermis

A

papillary and reticular

77
Q

Has many small
blood vessels and Leukocytes

A

papillary layer

78
Q

Has high amounts
of fibrous and adipose tissues

A

reticular layer

79
Q

3 types of hair

A

downy, vellus, terminal

80
Q

Fine hair covers body in
early development, usually replaced by birth or in
rare cases just after

A

downy

81
Q

Found in all skin,
but usually nearly invisible. Can be produced by
epidermis or dermis

A

vellus

82
Q

longer, coarser pigmented hair
as seen on scalp and other regions

A

terminal

83
Q

hair functions

A

protection from UV radiation, protection from dust and particles, protection from organisms, maintains body heat

84
Q

muscles at hair follicles that allow hair to stand up

A

arrector pilli

85
Q

hair coloration and keratin are ???

A

genetically controlled traits

86
Q

2 major types of glands

A

sebaceous and sweat

87
Q

produces sebum, this oily substance plays a role in waterproofing skin
and hair.

A

sebaceous glands

88
Q

coiled tubes of epithelium tissue
which are used for the secreting of sweat

A

sweat gland

89
Q

Release the majority of
sweat as we think of it

A

eccrine glands

90
Q

where are eccrine glands found

A

glands are found in the forehead, neck,
back, palms, soles of feet

91
Q

exertion, temperature, and emotional stress lead to sweat production

A

creates eccrine sweat

92
Q

Axillary sweat glands found in groin, armpits, anus, and around breasts. Frequently found close to hair follicles

A

apocrine sweat

93
Q

thick keratinized cells that become entirely protein matric of stratum corneum

A

nails

94
Q

nail plate consists of

A

root, body, edge

95
Q

accessory structures of skin

A

hair, glands, nails

biology 1101 (3 decks)

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