Medicines for cough and cold Flashcards
Name a cause of common cold
URTI infection by viruses like rhinovirus, coronavirus and respiratory syncytial virus
What class of medication to treat runny nose/sneezing?
Intranasal ipratropium
intranasal/inhaled cromoglicic acid
H1 - antihistamines
intranasal corticosteroid
What class of medication to treat sore throat and headache
analgesic
What class of medication to treat fever
Antipyretic
What class of medication to treat blocked nose
Nasal decongestants
What class of medication to treat cough
Cough suppressants, expectorants, mucoactive agent
What 2 things are nasal congestion associated with
Decreased sympathetic vasoconstriction of submucosal blood vessels
Increased parasympathetic stimulation of mucus secretion
Name 1 mucoregulator
Ipratropium
MOA of ipratropium
Short-acting muscarinic receptor antagonist
blocks inflammation-induced parasympathetic cholinergic receptor (M3) activation of submucosal glands
What is cromoglicic acid?
mast cell stabiliser
MOA of cromoglicic acid
Decrease mast cell degranulation induced by IgE-mediated FceRI crosslinking
leads to decreased secretion of inflammatory mediators from eosinophils, neutrophils and macrophages
Name 3 sympathomimetic decongestants
phenylephrine, oxymetazoline, naphazoline, pseudoephedrine, ephedrine
MOA of decongestant
direct alpha adrenoceptor agonist
alpha-1 selective: phenylephrine (oral and intranasal)
non-selective: oxymetazoline (intranasal) / naphazoline (intranasal)
indirect increase in release of adrenaline/noradrenaline
pseudoephedrine (oral) / ephedrine (intranasal)
Name 2 nasal glucocorticoids
fluticasone, mometasone
MOA of nasal glucocorticoids
Anti-inflammatory –> decrease mucus secretion and congestion
Adverse effects of sympathomimetic agents, name 2
rebound congestion
CNS stimulation - restlessness tremors irritability anxiety insomnia
CVS - hypertension, tachycardia
Dry mouth - alpha2 agonist effect on salivary gland
Name two types of antitussives
Opioid and nonopioid
Name 1 opioid antitussive and 2 non-opioid antitussives
Opioid : codeine
nonopioid : dextromethorphan, diphenhydramine (h1 antihistamine)
Name 1 expectorant
Guaifenesin
MOA of expectorants
Increase production of respiratory tract fluids to help liquefy and reduce viscosity of tenacious secretions
Adverse effects of expectorants
GIT disturbance, nausea
What kind of cough are expectorants not for
persistent cough associated with asthma or smoking
Name 2 mucolytic agent and their dosage forms
Acetylcysteine, carbocisteine
inhalation, effervescent tablets, oral granules, syrups
Adverse effects of mucolytics
bronchospasm, anaphylactoid reaction
GIT disturbances
MOA of mucolytics
Free sulfhydryl group opens disulphide bonds in mucoproteins
lowers mucous viscosity
MOA of mucokinetics
promotes mucus clearance
(increase ciliary beat frequency, decrease adherence of mucus to cilia)
stimulate surfactant production: surfactant is an anti-glue factor to prevent mucus from sticking to alveolar and bronchial walls
What kind of patients are mucokinetics contraindicated in?
asthma and peptic ulcer disease
