Medicines Associated with Infection Flashcards by Ericka Merriweather

antibiotic that inhibits synthesis of cell wall causing cell death. Beta-lactam structure interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis by inhibiting bacterial enzymes necessary for cell division and cellular synthesis. Does not cross blood-brain barrier. (this antibiotic is safe for children, elderly, and pregnant women)

Penicillin

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some of this antibiotics is well adsorbed by the GI tract, others are given IV and IM.

Pharmokinetics of penicillin

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Streptococcal pharyngitis, pneumonia, pharyngitis, otitis media, sinusitis, meningitis, skin, bone, and joint infections, stomach infections, syphilis, gonorrhea, and endocarditis, prevention of rheumatic fever, peritonitis, UTI, and septicemia.

indications for penicillin

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allergy-rash, pruritus, fever, anaphylaxis, hematologic reactions decreased RBCs, WBC, PLT, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and super infection, oral/vaginal candidiasis.

Side effects of Penicillin

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Assess for allergy, neuropathy, and super infections. Monitor CBC, serum potassium. Advise patient to consume yogurt or buttermilk (assists with diarrhea). Monitor kidney function and intake and output

Nursing Interventions for Penicillin

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antibiotic that is bactericidal, used to treat skin infection, respiratory infections, GU and GI infections, peptic ulcers, otitis media. Always check for penicillin allergy. Watch for diarrhea, nausea, vomiting. Oral and vaginal candidasis and rash.

Amoxicillin (Amoxil)

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This antibiotic is contraindicated for those allergic to penicillin

Cephalosporins

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This antibiotic inhibits synthesis of cell wall causing cell death. Beta-lactam structure interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis by inhibiting bacterial enzyme necessary for cell division and cellular synthesis. Active against gram positive and gram negative bacteria, resistant to beta-lactamase, contains four generations.

Action of Cephlasporins

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Cefazolin (ancef or kefzol) and cephalexin (Keflex)

first generation of cephlasporin

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cefaclo (ceclor) and cefoxitin (mefoxin)

second generation of cephlasporin

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ceftriazone (reocephin) and cefotaxime (clarforan)

third generation of cephlasporin

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vefepime (maxipime)

fourth generation of cephlasporin

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lower respiratory tract infection, CNS infection, GI system infection, bone and joint infections, bacteremia, abdominal and pelvic infections, and surgical prophylaxis.

indications for cephlasporins

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hypersensitivity, bleeding tendencies, cross-sensitivity reaction PCN, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, headache, dizziness, itching, rash, nephrotoxicity, super infections, thrombophlebitis (when giving IV), pain at injection site (IM), and hepatotoxicity, anorexia.

Side Effects of cephlasporins

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Monitor intake and output. Assess for super infections, monitor IV site, glucose level (in DM patient). Avoid alcohol (increased drug sensitivity). Give without regard to food. Monitor lab values

Nursing Interventions for cephlasporins

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antibiotic that is highly resistant to beta-lactmase, broad spectrum, last resort for some bacterial infections. Destroys bacterial cell walls causing destruction of microorganisms. this medicine is used for pneumonia, peritonis, and UTIs caused by gram positive cocci, gram negative cocci and anaerobic bacteria

Carbapenems

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Imipenem (Primaxin), Meropenem (Merrem), Ertapenem (Invanz), Doripenem (Doribax)

medicines that fall under Carbapenems

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Diarrhea, nausea, headache, phlebitis, and seizure

side effects of carbapenems

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Administered through IV. Monitor lab values. Asess seizure history, for super infection, and question allergies

nursing interventions for carbapenems

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bacteriostatic antibiotic that inhibit microorganisms growth by preventing protein synthesis. Used for rocky mountain spotted fever, cholera, typhus, chlamydial, acne, travelers diarrhea, lyme disease, anthrax, pylori, syphilis, periodontal disease, gonorrhea, acne. Broad spectrum, usually given PO

Tetracyclines

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Doxycycline (vibramycin)

sub-type of Tetracycline

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photo-sensitivity, nausea, diarrhea, rash, headache, heptatoxicity, super infection, psuedomembranous colitis, teeth discoloration, heartburn

Side effect of tetracycline

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Assess for super infection. Use protection in direct sunlight. Monitor lab values for elevated ALT or AST. Do not take with dairy products, antacids, iron. Take on an empty stomach. Decrease efficiency of oral contraceptives. Avoid during pregnancy.

Nursing Interventions for Tetracycline

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bacteriostatic antibiotic (low to moderate doses) bactericidial (high drug dose). Binds with ribosomal receptor sites in susceptible organisms to inhibit protein synthesis. commonly used for respiratory tract infection, GI urinary, skin and soft tissue infections

Macrolides

erythromycin (E-Mycin), azithromycin (zithromax), and clarithromycin (Biaxin)

examples of Macrolides

diarrhea, nausea, vomting, abdominal cramping, hepatoxicity, super infection and skin rash;; Assess for diarrhea, theophylline, carbamazepime, and coumadin levels if applicable. give on an empty stomach with full glass of water, do not take with GRAPERUIT JUICE. Oral and IV but not IM. Monitor for weight loss or hepatotoxicity.

side effects of Macrolides

Azithromycin (Zithromax) - given PO or IV. Treats bacterial infections like pneumonia, MAC, exacerbations of COPD, chlamydia, nongonoccocal urethritis, gonorhea, chancroid in men, phayrngitis, tonsillitis, uncomplicated skin infections.

Example of Macrolide

antibiotic that is a bactericidal, destroys microorganisms by disrupting protein synthesis. Effective against gram negative and some gram positive organisms, serious infections of urinary, respiratory, nervous, or GI infection. Meningitis and peritonitis.

Aminoglycosides

Gentamicin (Garamycin), Streptomycin, Tobramycin, Neomycin.

examples of aminoglycosides

nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity (especiallly in children), neurotoxicity, hypersensitivity - rash, pruriti, oliguria, urticaria, tremors

Side effects of aminoglycosides

use cautisously with anesthetics and muscle relaxants. Implement safety measures. Monitor urine output, renal function and peak and trough levels. assess for tinnitus and hearing loss. give with large amounts of fluids

nursing interventions for aminoglycosides

antibiotic that is a bactericidal, and inhibits the enzyme necessary for DNA replication. Effective against gram negative and gram positive bacteria, broad spectrum use, UTI, infections of bones and joints, bronchitis, pnuemonia, gastroenteritis, STDs, and anthrax (excellent oral absorption

Fluoroquinolones

Nalidixic Acid (Neogram)

first generation Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)

Second generation of fluoroquinolones

levofloxacin (Levaquin)

third generation of fluoroquinolones

moxiflocacin (Avelox)

fourth generation of fluoroquinolones

photosensitivity, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, super infections, dyshythmias, hepatotoxicity, CNS-dizziness, headache, and sleep disturbances

Side effects of fluoroquinolones

Advise to protect against sunlight, urine may be brown or bright orange. Monitor intake and output, increase fluid intake, renal function (serum creatinine). Give without regard to food. Avoid antacids, Fe, Ca, Mg, Zn. Do not give to children and pregnant/lactating patients. Do not give with multivitamins or mineral supplements.

Nursing Interventions of fluoroquinolones

antibitoic that is a bacteriostatic, inhibit bacterial growth. used for UTI, prostatitis, STD, otitis media, newborn eye prophlyaxis, meningitis, burns.

Sulfonamides

hypersensitivty, nephrotoxicity, renal calculi, hematologic issues, photosensitivity, super infections, GI upset, Stevens-Johnson's syndrome (painful, purple-reddish rash)

side effects of Sulfonamides

NSAIDs increase sulfonamide toxicity. Monitor renal function, CBC, bleeding, and infection. Increase fluid intake. Avoid activities requiring mental alertness, direct sunlight, UV light. Use cautiously with ASA (aspirin), warfarin, sulfonylureas. Do not take on the last trimester of pregnancy.

Nursing Interventions for Sulfonamides

Structurally related to macrolides. used for acute bronchitis, acute bacterial sinusitis, community acquired pneumonia, streptococcus and H. flu

Ketolides

telithromycin (ketek)

example of ketolides

headache, stomatitis, oral and vaginal candidiasis, GI disturbances, visual disturbances.

side effects of ketolides

This medication is used in adults only. not affected by food intake.

Nursing interventions for ketolides

inhibits cell wall synthesis (bactericidal). used to fight gram positive infections, and S. Aureus. Serious bone, skin lower respiratory tract infections.

Glycopeptide (Vancomycin)

chills, dizziness, fever, red neck or red man syndrome (occurs when IV too rapid, sever hypotension, red flushing of face, neck, chest, extremities) ototoxicity, psuedomembraneous colitis, nephrotoxicity, blood dyscrasias, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome

Side effects/adverse reactions of glycopeptide (vancomycin)

check culture and sensitivity before therapy. Monitor vancomycin levels, blood pressure, IV side, renal function tests, hearing and for superinfections. Administer over 1 to 2 hours via IV. Rotate sites.

nursing interventions Glycopeptide Vancomycin

impairs DNA function of susceptible bacteria. used for organisms in the GI tract, anaerobic infections, lower respiratory tract and CNS infections and bacterial vaginosis.

Metronidazole

Dizziness, headache, anorexia, dry mouth. avoid alcohol (causes disulfram type reaction: facial flushing, sweating, sever headache, slurred speech) dark urine or reddish brown (in high doses), avoid in first trimester, fatigue, metallic bitter taste, GI distress

Side effects of Metronidazole

directly damages fungal membrane, altering its function

antifungal

this medication treats fungal infections, superifical skin, mucous membranes mild infections. May treat systemic infections in the lungs, CNS or severe infections. (can be given oral, IV, vaginal, topical)

antifungal

flucaonazole (diflucan), Trates candidiasis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis

Examples of antifungal

anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach cramping, rash, headache

side effects of antifungals

assess medical history. Monitor liver enzymes (ALP, ALT, AST, BUN, Creatinine, and urine ouput)

nursing interventions of antifungals

interveres with viral DNA synthesis, used to treat Herpes simplex, herpes zoster, varicella-zoster virus, CMV.

antivirals

GI distress, headache, confusion, depression, tremors, lethargy, increased bleeding, hematuria, nephrotoxicity

Side effects antivirals

administer IV over 60 minutes. monitor CBC, renal and liver functions test, urine output, and BP. Assess for superinfection. Increase fluid intake and instruct client to practice abstinence or use condoms.

Nursing interventions for antivirals

Obtain culture and sensitivity. Assess for general adverse effects. Increase fluid intake. May give with or without food. Monitor WBC, CBC, and temperature. Observer for superinfections. Emphasize compliance.

Nursing responsibilities associated with anitvirals