Medicine Through Time - Dates and Individuals Flashcards
Name 3 key things Hippocrates did
Looked for environmental causes of disease
Introduced clinical method of observation
Created the four humours theory
Who linked the four humours to disease?
Aristotle
What four fluids did Aristotle say made up the four humours?
Blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile
How did Galen try to learn more about the anatomy?
By dissecting animals
What did Galen learn about blood?
It travels around the body through veins
Why were Galen’s conclusions about humans sometimes inaccurate?
He was unable to dissect humans, only animals
Which Arab doctor stuck firmly to Galen’s teachings, whilst the western world returned to supernatural beliefs?
Rhazes
Avicenna was another Arab doctor. What did he do?
Challenged and improved Roman and Greek ideas
Who was a clear example of a ‘Renaissance Man’ (someone who had mastered art and science)?
Leonardo Da Vinci
What two things did Ambroise Pare design?
Ligatures and artificial legs
What was Pare’s alternative to cauterisation with boiling oil?
Using cool salve
What did William Harvey discover about blood?
Blood is pumped around the body continuously in a circulatory system
Distinguished arteries and veins
Who introduced inoculation to Western Europe?
Lady Montagu
What did Edward Jenner invent?
Vaccinations - a safer and more successful alternative to inoculation
Who did not like Jenner’s ideas?
Upper-class doctors (who performed inoculations)
How did Florence Nightingale reduce death rates in hospitals?
By improving hygiene
Who suggested that germs caused disease?
Louis Pasteur in the 1850s
What did Pasteur (correctly) believe germs were?
Micro-organisms
Who proved the germ theory?
Robert Koch in 1875
How did Koch prove the germ theory?
By dyeing microbes so that they were visible through a microscope
Who discovered Penicllin?
Alexander Fleming in 1928
How did Florey and Chain encourage the use of penicillin?
Got it mass produced in America for use in the Second World War
Who discovered the usefulness of chloroform as an anaesthetic?
James Simpson in 1847
Who reduced infection rates using an antiseptic?
Joseph Lister
What was the name of the antiseptic Lister used?
Carbolic spray
What did William Halstead do in 1889?
Invent surgical gloves to prevent infections being transmitted (aseptic surgery)
Who discovered blood groups?
Karl Landsteiner in 1900
Who discovered X-rays?
Wilhelm Roentgen
What did Edwin Chadwick do in 1842?
Linked disease and poor living standards
Who linked cholera to contaminated water?
John Snow in 1853
What did the prime minister, Benjamin Disraeli do in 1875?
Passed a compulsory public health act
What did Charles Booth and Seebohm Rowntree do?
Filed reports on the poor that forced the government into social and liberal reform
What was the impact of Sir William Beveridge’s report?
Made the Labour government realised the need for free healthcare
Who introduced the NHS (National Health Service) in 1948?
Aneurin Bevan
What did Andreas Vesalius do?
Wrote accurate anatomical books
Proved Galen wrong eg. said septum of heart had no holes
Where did Vesalius get his information from?
His own dissections
