Medicine Through Time Flashcards
What does pre history mean?
Before writing
What are the RICOS WIG factors?
Religion Individuals Chance Other Science and technology
War
Improved communications
Government
What were prehistoric teeth like?
Were very healthy, only 9 out of 1500 decayed
What was prehistoric bones like?
Bad, joints swelled (oesteoarthritus)
Why did prehistoric women die younger?
Work, poor diet, pregnancy
How did prehistoric people treat injury?
Herbs, plants and trephining
What was trephining?
Cutting a hoke in the skull to release the evil spirits
What did they believe caused injury in the prehistoric times?
Spirits
Why was the mummification important?
It revealed the anatomy of the body
What is the anatomy?
How the inside of a body is structured
What did the Egyptians think caused disease?
Un digested food rotting in the bowels have off gases which seeped into the channels preventing blood and water flow
What was the Egyptians idea for the body’s structure?
Channels from the heart carried blood and air.
Where did the Egyptians get the idea of channels from?
Farming
How did the Egyptians treat death?
They were embalmed (organs taken out and body preserved)
What was an Asclepion?
A temple where a sick person slept and was cured by Asclepius visiting3 their dreams
Who was Asclepius?
God of medicine/healing
What was the Ancient Greek time period?
800-400BC
What were the names of Asclepius’ daughters?
Hygeia and panacea
What was Epidauras?
The place where the most famous Asclepion was built
Who came up with the idea of the four humours?
Hippocrates
What season and element was blood related to?
Spring and air
What season and element was yellow bile related to?
Summer and fire
What season and element was black bile related to?
Autumn and earth
What season and element was phlegm related to?
Winter and water
What did Hippocrates discover?
The theory of the four humours, if they became unbalanced they’d cause illness
What was the hippocratic corpus?
The book that contained doctor’s observations about peoples illnesses
If your blood was out of balance, what were the symptoms?
Heart disease, nose bleeds, diabetes, acne,skin disorders
If your yellow bile was out of balance, what were the symptoms?
Nausea, constipation, shaking, tics
If your yellow bile was out of balance, what were the symptoms?
Jaundice, migraines, swelling, nausea
If your phlegm was out of balance, what were the symptoms?
Coughs, colds, asthma, lung disease
How would you treat an imbalance of blood?
You’d be bled with leeches or cut open
How would you treat an imbalance of black bile?
You’d be given a purgative to make you go to the toilet
How would you treat an imbalance of yellow bile?
You’d be given something to make you sick
How would you treat an imbalance of phlegm?
You’d be given something to make you got and sticky
What was the Hippocratic oath?
An oath Mae by doctors to promise they’d keep their treatments high standards and for the patients benefit
What were the hippocratic collection?
The first detailed book about symptoms and cures
Why was looking for natural remedies important?
Encouraged people to be more sensible and not go straight to gods
Why was observing and recording illness important?
Helped diagnose patients and was written in Hippocrates books which were used for centuries
Why did Greeks rarely dissect (2 answers)?
- they thought it was wrong
- they weren’t aware of how much they could learn
What was Alexandria?
A centre of medical knowledge
Why did travellers go to Alexandria to learn?
There was a medical library and university
How many books did the library in Alexandria have?
700,000
What was the Romans big idea?
Public health
What was public health?
An action taken by the governed to help the hygrometer of people
Why were public baths important in roman era?
Hey were open to anyone and rid people of fleas
How were aqueducts useful in roman era?
They carried freshwater to major towns
When was Galen born?
129ad in Greece
Where did Galen get his medical knowledge from?
Gladiators school and visits to Alexandria
What did Galen believe about the four humours?
Using opposites to balance humours
What did Gaines dissection prove?
Arteries and veins carried blood
How many books did Galen write?
60
Who was Galen?
A Greek doctor who believed in dissection
What was an opium?
A sedative which reduced pain
What did Romans believe treated infection?
Amputation
What is gangrene?
A spreading infection
What were the 5 requirements to be a doctor?
1) youthful
2) strong, steady hand
3) sharp vision
4) ambidextrous
5) undaunted spirit
Why do roman hospitals have wide corridor?
For easy access to wheel patients
Why was each ward separate in a roman hospital?
To prevent disease spreading
How many patients could a roman hospital hold?
240
Who was dioscorides?
A roman army doctor who wrote a list of 600 herbal remedies
When was the Middle Ages?
500-1400 AD
What is miasmus?
Evil smells
When was the Black Death?
1348
What were the medieval London streets like?
Made of mud and animal dung
Why was the Thames so filthy?
Butchers disposed carcasses in there, poo chucked in th
What was the issue with traders in the medieval era?
They brought rats which had fleas
What was the population of medieval London?
100,000 people
What were toilets like in medieval london?
Chamber pots which people tipped out of their window
What were the two types of plague in medieval London?
- the bubonic plague
- the pneumonic plague
What was the bubonic plague cashed by?
Rats carrying infected disease which bit humans
How long did the bubonic plague take to kill you?
1-2 weeks
What were some symptoms of the bubonic plague?
Blackened limbs, boils, bubos
What was a bubo?
A pus filled boil which killed you when it exploded
What was the pneumonic plague caused by?
People coughing on others
How long did the pneumonic plague take to kill you?
1-2 days
What were the symptoms of the pneumonic plague?
Coughing up blood
How likely were you to die from the pneumonic plague?
100% death rate
What percentage of englands population died from the plague?
40%n
What common sense factors caused the plague?
Dead bodies, toilets, bad water
Why did people think the plague was caused by the Jews?
They thought they wanted to wipe out Christians
Why did people think poison in the air caused the plague?
Earthquakes created poisonous fumes
How did god cause the plague?
He allowed it to torment them for their sins
How did the planets affect the plague?
People thought when they can together it was a sign of evil things
How did people become surgeons?
By being apprenticed by another surgeon
When was the collapse of the Roman Empire?
500 AD
When did the Christian churches begin setting up hospitals?
1100s
What % of Christian hospitals provided medical care for the sick?
10%
What did most Christian hospitals provide?
Hospitality for visitors , elderly EDC
What do monks do in Christian hospitals?
Pray and help you keep warm and well fed
Why were there no doctors in Christian hospitals?
They only cared for the rich
Who was roger bacon?
A man arrested for suggesting the doctors should come up with their own ideas instead of using ancient ones
Why did Christian churches hinder medical progress?
They tried to bring the idea back of spirits and gods, and only monks and priests could read
Who was Andreas Vesalius?
A dwarf who stole dead bodies to dissect
Who many of galens ideas did Vesalius correct?
Over 200
Why was Vesalius unpopular?
He challenged galens ideas and they thought he was a madman
What does Renaissance mean?
French word for ‘rebirth’
Who wrote ‘the fabric of the human body’ and when?
Andreas Vesalius 1543
Why were Vesalius’ ideas limited?
He couldn’t provide an alternative explanation for galens ideas
What did Ambrose paré discover?
To use bandages on wounds and tie wounds up with ligature
What is a ligature?
Tying up sounds with silk thread
What was cautery and what did paré replace it with?
Pressing a red hot iron against skin. Ligatures
Before bandages, what did doctors use on wounded soldiers?
Pouring boiling oil on the wound
When did Ambrose pare live?
1510-1590
When was William Harvey born?
1578-1657
What did William Harvey prove?
Blood is pumped from the heart through veins
What limited the impact of William Harvey’s work?
He couldn’t see the capillaries with the naked eye, but he knew they were there
