medicine through time Flashcards
how much did an apothecary cost?
cost less money than a physician
who was Hippocrates?
an ancient Greek doctor
what training did apothecaries have?
received training but no medical qualifications
what are some religious and supernatural methods to prevent illness in the middle ages?
living a Christian life e.g praying
chanting incantations
carrying lucky charms or amulets
self punishment such as being a flagellent
how much did physician cost?
expensive, mainly used by the wealthy
how much would people at home cost?
‘wise women’ (lady of the manor) would tend to people for free
what were the symptoms of the black death?
swelling of the lymph glands into large lumps filled with pus
fever and chills
headache
vomiting, diarrhoea and abdominal pain
who was Thomas Sydenham?
worked as a doctor in London during the 1660s and 70s
ho was the black death passed around?
bubonic plague was passed to humans when an infected flea bites them and the disease enters their blood
why did people think god caused disease?
the church taught and people believed that god made them ill because he was either displeased with them or was testing their faith
what was the black death?
the black death was the bubonic plague, carried by fleas living on black rats
what were hospitals?
were places of recuperation rather than places where patients were treated for disease
places where travelers and pilgrims stayed on their journeys
who were hospitals run by?
were mainly run by the church so the emphasis was on god and healing souls
what did Galen do?
wrote many books- these were the basis of medical training in the middle ages
developed Hippocrates ideas- the theory of opposites
he used bloodletting or purging to prevent disease
drew anatomy diagrams- by operating on dead/live animals
what is astrology?
the alignment of planets and stars was thought to cause some diseases
who was Vesalius?
he studied medicine in Paris (1533)
what does Renaissance mean?
rebirth
what training did physicians have?
medically trained at university and passed exams
how did people in the home treat the sick?
a female family member would use their own knowledge
how much did a barber-surgeon cost?
cost less than a physician
what did the government do to prevent people getting ill after 1948?
funding more testing and vaccinations
better disposal of rubbish and sewage
laws reducing air and water pollution
what did discovering the structure of DNA lead to?
a better understanding of some genetic conditions
predicting whether individuals are at higher risk of developing some cancers
the discovering that stem cells can be grown into different cells
what were the disadvantages of Jenner?
he didn’t know why it worked
the link between cow pox and small pox was unique so it didnt lead to other vaccinations
other diseases were still killing people
what was a disadvantage in hospital care during the 18th and 19th century?
the elderly, sick or disabled were forced to enter workhouses
what did doctors use to ease pain during operations before 1800?
alcohol and opium which had very low success rates
what new pieces of technology were invented in the 1900s?
labatories to test skin or blood
x-rays
monitors to see what is going on over a period of time
what did Howard Florey and Ernest Chain do?
they carried on Flemings research, they found it to be effective on mice so they tested in on humans and they found it was a ‘miracle drug’ in 1940
how did apothecaries treat the sick?
mixed medicines and ointments based on their own knowledge or directions of a physician
what was purging?
purging was when apothecaries or wise women made a patient vomit or made them go to the toilet to remove food from the body (to get rid of excess humors)
what did Gerhard Domagk do?
in 1932, he developed the second magic bullet, prontosil which cured some types of blood poisoning
what were the changes in physicians and scientists?
physicians stopped using astrology charts for diagnosis and timing treatments
physicians realized that urine was not a good indicator of disease and stopped using urine charts for diagnosis
physicians carried out more direct observations and examinations of their patient
what did the invention of the printing press mean?
meant that many copies of texts could be produced in a short amount of time
it reduced the churches control of ideas (could no longer prevent the publication of ideas it did not approve of)
it meant ideas and theories could be spread around quicker and could be proved or dismissed
how did people try and avoid catching the black death?
praying and fasting-it made sense to show god they were sorry by punishing themselves
cleaning up rubbish in the streets
smelling their toilets and other bad smells in the belief this would overcome the plague
lighting a fire in the room, ringing bells or having birds fly around the room to keep air moving
carrying herbs and spices to avoid breathing in ‘bad air’
not letting unknown people enter the town or village
what were the changes in hospital care?
treating more sick people and were being used less by travelers and pilgrims
in the 1700s when hospitals reopened they were run by physicians
when was the NHS founded?
1948
what did Florence Nightingale do?
she lead a team of nurses at the military hospital in Scutari during the Crimean war (1854-56)
emphasized good hygiene, though this was because she believed that miasma caused disease
she published books on nursing and hospital organization and set up a training school for nurses
when did vaccinations become compulsory?
1853
what did the NHS mean?
certain services were free: seeing a GP hospital care and operations health visitors for pregnant women and young children ambulance and emergency treatment health care for the elderly
when did the first cholera epidemic in Britain occur?
1831
what did Louis Pasteur do?
in 1861 he proved that microbes (bacteria or germs) in the air cause decay (he discovered this when investigating why liquids turned sour for the brewing industry)
he also theorized that germs caused disease but was unable to prove this
accidently found that vaccination prevent disease
what are some examples of new technology in the 20th and 21st century?
hypodermic needles microscopes x-rays endoscopes pacemakers
what was wrong with the germ theory?
it took a long time for doctors surgeons to believe the germ theory and accept new ideas
what did Robert Koch?
he proved that Pasteur’s theory was right, that microbes caused disease as well as decay
he also identified the specific microbes that caused TB in 1882 and cholera in 1883
he developed a new easier way of growing bacteria on agar jelly
he discovered that chemical dyes stained bacteria, which made them easier to see under the microscope
what were the changes in ideas about what caused disease in the Renaissance?
fewer people believed in supernatural or religious causes of disease
new ideas were suggested such as seeds in the air spreading disease
the reduced influence of the church
a scientific approach to diagnosing illness
how were social attitudes towards science changing in the 18th and 19th century?
there was an increasing awareness of the need for rational explanations for the cause of disease
give three improvements to hospital care in the 18th and 19th century’s
hospital cleanliness and organization improved and nurses were better trained
specialist hospitals developed
public pressure led to infirmaries were being set up for the poorest in society
what sis Alexander Fleming do?
in 1928 he discovered that penicillium mold produced an excellent antibiotic penicillin
he published his findings but did not think it would work on humans in 1929
what happened in 1909 that made an advance in medicine?
Paul Ehrlich and Dr Hata had found an antibiotic to fight back against Syphilis
how did people think the black death was caused?
religion
astrology- the position of mars, Jupiter and Saturn was unusual at the time
miasma
volcanoes- poisonous gases from European volcanoes and earthquakes carried in the air
four humors
outsiders- strangers or witches had caused the disease
what did Vesalius do?
carried out a large number of disections on human bodies
he made many discoveries on how the body worked
he made the study of anatomy fashionable
he proved that some of Galens work was incorrect (helped more people question Galen)
he encouraged and inspired others to carry out dissections and made further discoveries
his work was widely published in England and throughout Europe
what were the disadvantages of using carbolic acid in surgery?
it irritated the skin and lungs
what was the great stink?
in 1858 London’s river (the Thames) was filled with rubbish and waste. It was also very hot
this lead to a new series of sewers to be built, these were designed by Bazalgettes
what were the 4 main relay posts in the chain of evacuation?
regimental aidposts
dressing stations
casualty clearing stations
base hospitals
what were the FANY?
worked as field ambulances
what are the 4 humors?
yellow bile
black bile
phlegm
blood
when did the great plague hit Britain?
1665
what percentage of Europe was killed by the black death?
30-60%
what types of gas were used?
mustard gas and tear gas which inflamed the throat, lungs and could kill soldiers
why was there so little change in medicine during the middle ages?
the church had control of what people thought and how they could act. This prevented change because a lot of libraries and books were in mosks and churches which chose what people read.
who invented the Thomas splint?
Hugh Owen Thomas which treated femur bone fractures and reduced blood loss
who invented plastic surgery?
Harold Gillies
