Medicine & Pathology Flashcards
___, ___, ___, and rarely __-__ ____ can occur, most commonly with paroxetine, which tends to have stronger anticholinergic effects.
Dry eye, accommodative changes, mydriasis, and rarely angle-closure glaucoma can occur, most commonly with paroxetine, which tends to have stronger anticholinergic effects.
___ immunization is characterized by transfer of ___ from a host with active immunity to a susceptible host.
Passive immunization is characterized by transfer of immunoglobulin from a host with active immunity to a susceptible host.
___ immunization involves administration of ___ of an infectious agent to allow the host to develop an immune response.
Active immunization involves administration of weakened or inactivated components of an infectious agent to allow the host to develop an immune response.
Intramuscular injection of inactivated poliovirus; intranasal administration of live, attenuated influenza virus; and intramuscular injection of pneumococcal polysaccharide antigen are examples of active immunization.
To lower the patient’s LDL-C level by 50% with treatment, use a high dose of ___ or ___.
To lower the patient’s LDL-C level by 50% with treatment, use a high dose of rosuvastatin or atorvastatin..
___ or ___, ___ or ___, or rosuvastatin low dose or atorvastatin low dose are for low- or moderate-intensity therapy (to lower LDL-C by 30%).
Pravastatin or simvastatin, fluvastatin or lovastatin, or rosuvastatin low dose or atorvastatin low dose are for low- or moderate-intensity therapy (to lower LDL-C by 30%).
Aflibercept is a recombinant fusion protein that acts as a decoy receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and inactivates VEGF-A, VEGF-B, and placental growth factor.
Aflibercept is a recombinant fusion protein that acts as a decoy receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and inactivates VEGF-A, VEGF-B, and placental growth factor.
____ is a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against VEGF-A.
Bevacizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against VEGF-A.
___ is an aptamer that specifically binds the ___ __ ___ of VEGF.
Pegaptanib is an aptamer that specifically binds the human 165 isoform of VEGF.
____ is a recombinant humanized antibody fragment that binds __ ____ ____ of ___ .
Ranibizumab is a recombinant humanized antibody fragment that binds all active isoforms of VEGF-A.
Etanercept and infliximab have been associated with demyelinating disease and __ ___.
Etanercept and infliximab have been associated with demyelinating disease and optic neuritis.
The criteria for diagnosing metabolic syndrome include 3 or more of the following: a decreased high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level (< __ mg/dL for men, < __ mg/dL for women), increased abdominal obesity (US: > __-inch waist circumference for men, > __ inches for women), elevated triglyceride level (≥ ___ mg/dL), hypertension (blood pressure > __/__ mm Hg), and an elevated fasting glucose level (≥ __ mg/dL).
The criteria for diagnosing metabolic syndrome include 3 or more of the following: a decreased high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level (< 40 mg/dL for men, < 50 mg/dL for women), increased abdominal obesity (US: > 40-inch waist circumference for men, > 35 inches for women), elevated triglyceride level (≥ 150 mg/dL), hypertension (blood pressure > 130/85 mm Hg), and an elevated fasting glucose level (≥ 100 mg/dL).
__, __, and some __ __ blockers increase the risk of myopathy when taken in conjunction with simvastatin.
Gemfibrozil, amiodarone, and some calcium channel blockers increase the risk of myopathy when taken in conjunction with simvastatin.
Approximately what percentage of the normal population has an antinuclear antibody (ANA) titer > 1:40?
30%
Thiazide-type diuretics can cause __ vision, ___, ___ vision abnormalities, and ___ ___.
Thiazide-type diuretics can cause decreased vision, myopia, color vision abnormalities, and retinal edema.
Heparin works by inactivating ___, factor __, and factor __.
Heparin works by inactivating thrombin, factor Xa, and factor IXa.
Amantadine has been shown to cause bilateral, potentially reversible, ___ ___ decompensation in certain patients receiving long-term treatment (eg, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson disease).
Amantadine has been shown to cause bilateral, potentially reversible, corneal endothelial decompensation in certain patients receiving long-term treatment (eg, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson disease).
Large vessel vasculitides include ___ __ ___ and ___ ___.
Large vessel vasculitides include giant cell arteritis and Takayasu arteritis.
___ ___ and ___ ___ are examples of medium-size vessel vasculitis.
Polyarteritis nodosa and Kawasaki disease are examples of medium-size vessel vasculitis.
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis affects ___ blood vessels.
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis affects small blood vessels.
Behçet disease affects __ ____ of blood vessels.
Behçet disease affects all sizes of blood vessels.
Nearly all strains of H influenzae are resistant to ___. The most current recommendation for empiric treatment of H influenzae are __-generation ___.
Nearly all strains of H influenzae are resistant to macrolides. The most current recommendation for empiric treatment of H influenzae are third- generation cephalosporins.
Growth involving the angle and trabecular meshwork up to - clock hours may be an indication for excision. Iris melanomas are classified using the modified ___ classification. Most are ___ cell melanomas, compared to the mixed cell type, which is most common in choroidal melanomas.
Growth involving the angle and trabecular meshwork up to 3 to 4 clock hours may be an indication for excision. Iris melanomas are classified using the modified Callender classification. Most are spindle cell melanomas, compared to the mixed cell type, which is most common in choroidal melanomas.
Callender classification: what is it used for? What do the results mean for prognosis?
Used to classify ocular melanoma. Spindle cells have best prognosis, epithelioid cells have worst prognosis
Polymorphisms in the LOXL1
gene are associated with PXF. Lysyl oxidase is a pivotal enzyme in ___ ___ formation, catalyzing covalent crosslinking of collagen and elastin.
Polymorphisms in the LOXL1
gene are associated with PXF. Lysyl oxidase is a pivotal enzyme in extracellular matrix formation, catalyzing covalent crosslinking of collagen and elastin.
Gene mutations associated with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome
FOXC1, PITX2
Gene mutations associated with aniridia and Peters anomaly
PAX6
Used to stain neuroectoderm, e.g. retina, optic nerve, schwannomas, neurofibromas, melanocytes
S-100
Used to stain melanocytes and melanocytic lesions, e.g. nevi, PAM, melanoma, but NOT neuroectoderm (2)
HMB-45 and Melan-A
Used to stain lesions with smooth or skeletal muscle features, e.g. leiomyoma, rhabdomyosarcoma (3)
actin, desmin, myoglobin
In rare instances, intraocular calcifications can be seen in toxocariasis, PFV, and Coats. In these cases, calcifications are usually __ and ___…
In rare instances, intraocular calcifications can be seen in toxocariasis, PFV, and Coats. In these cases, calcifications are usually focal and discrete, occurring within granulomas (toxocariasis) or a retrolental membrane (persistent fetal vasculature) or at the level of the RPE (Coats disease).
It is generally accepted that performing temporal artery biopsy within _ ___ of starting steroid therapy will not compromise the histopathological diagnosis.
It is generally accepted that performing temporal artery biopsy within 1 week of starting steroid therapy will not compromise the histopathological diagnosis.
Flow cytometry may be performed on ___, ___, or ___ ___ tissue specimens. Cells analyzed by flow cytometry must be sent as ___ specimens.
Flow cytometry may be performed on vitreous, aqueous, or ocular adnexal tissue specimens. Cells analyzed by flow cytometry must be sent as fresh (unfixed) specimens.
Nanophthalmos is a rare disorder characterized by a ___ axial length (- mm), a normal or slightly ___ lens, and ___ sclera. Nanophthalmic eyes are predisposed to ___ ___ and ___.
Nanophthalmos is a rare disorder characterized by a short axial length (15–20 mm), a normal or slightly enlarged lens, and thickened sclera. Nanophthalmic eyes are predisposed to uveal effusion and glaucoma.
Separation of ciliary body from scleral spur
Cyclodialysis cleft
Disinsertion of the iris root
Iridodialysis
Tear between the circular and longitudinal fibers of the ciliary body
Angle recession
Tear of the trabecular meshwork
Trabecular cleft (seen on gonioscopy)
Epithelial cells infected with herpesvirus might display ___ ___.
Epithelial cells infected with herpesvirus might display intranuclear inclusions.
Gene mutations found in nevi of Ota, blue nevi, and uveal melanoma?
GNAQ
(BAP1 found ONLY in uveal melanoma, BRAF in cutaneous melanomas)
***GNAQ does NOT correlate with prognosis, unlike BAP1, which heralds high risk of metastasis
___ ___ retinoblastoma is typically found in older children (>5), is unilateral, and is nonhereditary, and often presents with conjunctival injection, ___, and large clumps of ___ ___. The typical calcification on ultrasonography or computed tomography (CT) imaging can be absent.
Diffuse infiltrating retinoblastoma is typically found in older children (>5), is unilateral, and is nonhereditary, and often presents with conjunctival injection, pseudohypopyon, and large clumps of vitreous cells. The typical calcification on ultrasonography or computed tomography (CT) imaging can be absent.
___ growth pattern of retinoblastoma describes growth on the retinal surface into the vitreous cavity and would present with visible tumor mass.
Endophytic growth pattern of retinoblastoma describes growth on the retinal surface into the vitreous cavity and would present with visible tumor mass. (but can also present with tumor seeding into the anterior chamber and vitreous cells)
