Medicine- Main info Flashcards
What are the 7 factors?
- Communication
- Science and technology
- War
- Religion
- Government
- Individuals
- Chance
Who was the individual who influenced the start of medicine again after the fall of Rome and who developed his ideas?
Hippocrates and Galen
Explain the 4 humours and who created them?
The 4 humours is the idea that four elements of the human body (blood, black bile, yellow bile and phlegm) needed to be in balance in order to be healthy. The idea came from Aristotle but was developed by Hippocrates and then developed further by Galen who called it the theory of opposites.
What were some natural approaches to treating disease in the Middle Ages?
Herbal remedies and burning herbs to get rid of Miasma
What were some supernatural approaches to treating disease in the Middle Ages?
Flagellation, zodiac charts and praying
What was clinical observation and how was it used in the Middle Ages
Clinical observation was the act of looking and observing a patient to identify the illness or condition they were suffering from. This was originated from Hippocrates and he was the first to come up with this
What is flagellation?
Whipping oneself to show God they were sorry for committing sins in the hope they would get better
Why did the church accept Galen’s work?
Because he mentioned a creator in his work which they liked
What was Miasma and what did the doctors of the Middle Ages believe it did?
Doctors believed that Miasma was ‘bad smelling air’ which caused disease and so they burned sweet herbs to rid the bad air
What was bloodletting?
Getting rid of some blood in the body to balance the four humours and keep them in equilibrium for example leeching- letting leeches suck out blood of the body
What did the hospitals in the Middle Ages focus on?
Care rather than curing the diseases their patients were suffering from and just offered hospitality
Who ran most of the hospitals in the Middle ages?
The church and most hospitals were ran by monks and nuns
What is the Bedlam Hospital in London?
It used to be an old hospital which was first founded in the 13th century and then rebuilt in te 17th century and then became a very popular mental asylum
What is the Hotel Dieu in Paris?
It was founded in the middle ages which makes it the oldest hospital in Paris.
Give some positive factors that the Church brought to Medieval medicine
- They encouraged people to go to wars which got them in touch with Islamic doctors who were much more experienced
- The church insisted that people believed the work of Galen, no matter what
- the church founded most of the hospitals, from rich people’s generous donations
- People were encouraged to use prayers to cure them
Give some negative factors that the Catholic Church brought to Medieval medicine
- The most negative impact was the belief in supernatural cause of illness
- Religious wars such as the Crusades costed a lot of money which could’ve been used for the Public Health
- Dissection of humans was illegal, so many wrong ideas about anatomy continued
- They taught that disease was a punishment from God for sins
- The emphasis was on care not cure
Give an Islamic Doctor who challenged the work of the ancient?
Ibn-Sina or Ibn-al-nafis
What positive effect did the Crusades have on Medieval medicine
European doctors got in touch with Islamic ones who had more experience and knew more about medical practices
What did people in the Middle ages believe caused toothaches and what did they do to cure them?
They believed toothaches were caused by worms burying deep into the tooth and so they used to burn herbs as close to the tooth as possible and underneath the candle burning the herbs, they would put water in the hope the worms would fall to escape the heat
What did doctors use Urine Samples for?
Checking the colour, smell and even taste for irregularities
What training do barber surgeons go through?
They have to take an apprenticeship before becoming qualified and then they are allowed to carry out minor surgeries
What were the four main problems with medieval medicine
Bleeding- patients would often bleed to death
Infection- Doctors had no idea that dirt carried disease
Shock- patients would often die of shock because of pain or blood loss
Pain control- new methods were so strong they would often kill the patient
Who is Al-Zahrawi and what did he do?
He was an Islamic surgeon who had experience treating war casualities. He wrote books about surgery and the wars helped him learn more about deep wounds. He created surgical instruments and wrote books about battle-field injuries. His work helped surgery develop. His books spread and his work had a huge impact.
Why were the monasteries kept clean?
Monks and nuns knew you had to be clean to keep healthy but they didn’t know why
What is the difference between an epidemic and a pandemic
An epidemic is an outbreak of a disease that affects many people in a community, a pandemic is an outbreak that affects many different countries across the world
What were the symptoms of the black death
Buboes, fever and coughing up blood
How did the Black death reach England?
Through the fleas on the rats which were transported through ships
Which percentage of people died from the bubonic plague?
30-45% of the population died from the Black death
What was the statute of Labourers?
This was passed by the government to stop rioting from peasants who were demanding higher wages
What impact did the Black death have on Religion?
It had killed many clergymen and so replacements were hard to find and so the remaining ones demanded higher wages
What is an endowment?
Money donations from wealthy people
Who was Vesalius and what did he do?
Professor of anatomy and surgery and he improved medicine by correcting Galen’s mistakes
What did Vesalius believe and what was his book called?
He believed that anatomy was the best way to understand the human body and so he suggested doctors dissect humans to understand the body. His book was called “On the fabric of the human body”
Who was Pare and what did he do?
Pare was a barber surgeon who learned a lot from being an army surgeon and he used a crow’s beak to pull out the arteries and veins and he used a double silk thread (ligatures) to tie the ends up
Who was Harvey and what did he do?
He studied medicine abroad and he became a surgeon and he made a real breakthrough by understanding circulation. He believed that blood circulates around the body using experiments and dissection, he also suggested that the heart acted like a pump for the rest of the body
What is Quackery?
Dishonest medical practice which sold false medicine and moved stall by the time people realised
What is amputation, ligatures and cauterisation?
Cutting of a limb, ties to tie up the ends after amputation, putting a hot rod into boiling oil and pressing it into an open wound in order to close it.
When was the printing press invented and what did this mean for medicine?
It was invented in 1440 and it meant doctors could now publish their work and experiments
