America- Main information Flashcards
1
Q
Give 3 examples of states in the great plains?
A
- Texas
- Kansas
- the Dakotas
2
Q
Why are the plains called the Great American Desert?
A
Because the settlers deemed it inhabitable due to its extreme weather making it unfit for farming with the methods available at the time
3
Q
Give three reasons why the great plains were inhabitable
A
- lack of trees (wood)
- dry conditions (less water)
- from November to March there were harsh winds called ‘Blue Nothers’ which caused sudden drops in temperature and heavy rain
4
Q
What was Manifest Destiny?
A
Manifest destiny was the idea that it is the God-Given right of white Americans to expand westwards across North America
5
Q
Because of Manifest Destiny, how did the white Americans now see the plains?
A
Land that had previously been seen as worthless and left to Indigenous people, became a target for farming and settling
6
Q
What did manifest destiny mean for the Plains Indians?
A
They had to make way for them, causing conflict and unrest since the Americans had no worries clearing them out the way since it was ‘Gods will’
7
Q
What resource did the Americans come across when they went west?
A
Gold and silver, strengthening their economy
8
Q
Give 3 issues the pioneer farmers faced on their journey west
A
- Early summer storms which turned the tracks into mud
- In the Utah desert, there was little water and it was dry
- Early snowfall made it dangerous
9
Q
Give some examples of how some people were pushed west by the economic depression.
A
- Wage cuts
- Increased unemployment
- Banks collapsed meaning savings accounts were lost
- Crop prices decreased (farmers)
10
Q
Who were the Mormons?
A
A group of individuals who followed their beliefs that they were God’s chosen people
11
Q
Who was the leader of the Mormons?
A
Joseph Smith and Brigham Young
12
Q
Why were the Mormon’s persecuted
A
Because of their belief of polygamy
13
Q
What is the name for a non-mormon?
A
Gentile
14
Q
Where did the Mormon’s move to after they were driven out of Missouri?
A
Illinois
15
Q
Who suggested that the Mormons should move and why?
A
Brigham Young, so they could practice their religion in peace
16
Q
Where did the Mormons settle and why
A
They settled in east of the Rocky Mountains because it was isolated
17
Q
How many people were travelling with the Mormons?
A
16,000
18
Q
What did the Mormon’s call their land and then change it to by the request of who?
A
It was called Land of the Honey Bee but was changed to Utah by request of the government
19
Q
How many wives did Brigham Young have?
A
55
20
Q
How did Brigham Young move 16,00 people west?
A
He organised the amount of wagons needed (2500) and everyone was divided into small groups, each with a leader. Young gave everyone a specific job to avoid arguments.
21
Q
Why was life in the Salt Lake Valley very hard and how did they fix it?
A
- there was no large water supply so they used melted snow
- houses could not be made from wood because there was barely any trees and so they used mud bricks
22
Q
What country was the Mormon’s area a part of and who was soon occupying that area?
A
Mexico, the government
23
Q
Give three push factors from the East for the Mormons
A
- Lack of land away from the gentiles - lack of independence
- Joseph Smith’s murder by a mob whilst in jail
- They couldn’t practice polygamy without harassment
24
Q
Give three pull factors to the West for the Mormons
A
- There were no gentiles and so they had religious freedom
- They could build a new society in Mexico outside the US
- They were able to practice polygamy
25
What was the gold rush?
When there was gold found in California and many people rushed to mine it for financial success
26
What is a prospector
Someone who is involved in large scale mining
27
What is a forty-niner?
A miner who is nicknamed after they arrived in California to mine the gold
28
Give two positive factors of the gold rush?
It helped the US economy recover from financial problems and farming in California grew into a strong industry since the economy was becoming stronger.
29
Give two negative factors of the gold rush?
Racism and tension due to the mass immigration and widespread lawlessness including murder
30
Name three problems the pioneer farmers of their journey
- Illnesses such as cholera and dysentery killed many people
- The wagons were hauled over rocky terrain and so injuries were very common
- Bad weather could lead to people freezing to death
31
Give two problems the miners faced once in California
- Tensions and violence due to unorganised forces of law and order; the area was still under military control following the Mexican-American war
- Racial tensions between the Americans, Hispanics, Chinese and Indians
32
Give three ways the Native Americans used the buffalo
- Horns were used for arrows and cups
- Fat was used for cooking
- Hooves were used for everyday items such as dolls
33
How many official states were there during 1840?
27
34
Who were the Sioux?
A group of Native American bands from the plains (mainly from Dakota and Lakota)
35
Explain how the tipi was built to suit the conditions on the plains
- Shape made it strong enough to resist the winds
- The floor was covered in fur to keep feet warm
- The top would have two flaps that could be moved to release the smoke from the fire
- The bottom could be lifted to let air in during summer and earth could surround the bottom to keep it warm in the winter
- They could also be transported easily (it was the woman's job to take it down and put it back up again)
36
Explain the different roles in a Native American family
men: hunting, looking after horses, protecting the band
women: looking after tipis, preparing food and water and making clothing
37
How were important decisions made for the Native Americans?
- Council meetings.
- Elders, medicine men and cheifs would all speak, but wouldn't necessarily tell everyone what to do
- The council member would keep talking until everyone agreed
- They all smoked during the meeting, believing that the smoke would help them make the best decision spiritually
38
How did the chiefs take on the role of being chief?
They became chiefs through their wisdom and spiritual power and skills as hunters and warriors
39
Why did the Native Americans take scalps?
To hang up as trophies and the belief that they could not go to the afterlife and would not be there to fight them when they got there too
40
Give three reasons why the Americans and the Native Americans were very different
- Polygamy is accepted in the Native culture but not in American culture
- Plains Indians believed that fighting hand to hand was more honourable whereas the Americans thought guns and long-distance weapons were better
- Sioux believed in the great spirit and the Native Americans believed in Christianity
41
What was the Indian Settlement act of 1830?
- Established a permanent Indian frontier in the West
| - Allowed the removal of the south-eastern Indian nations so that their lands would then be available for settlement
42
What was the Indians Appropriations act of 1851 and why did it cause conflicts?
The Indians appropriations act was to 'protect' the Native Americans from the westward expansion. It caused tensions because the Americans wanted to settle and own land but because they have different cultures, it clashed
43
What was the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851?
- Each of the tribes would be given their own land/territory
- White settlers and people moving west would be allowed to safely cross the lands
- The Indians would pay if they broke the treaty
- The gov was allowed to establish forts and roads within the territory
- If the Native Americans stuck to it, they would be given $50 000 a year for food
44
Why was the Fort Laramie Treaty doomed to fail?
- Not everyone accepted the terms of the treaty
- Some bands fought back
- There was inaction from the government when the white settlers broke the treaty
- The US was planning on building the railroad through this land
45
Why wouldn't the Fort Laramie treaty work?
- They had two very different cultures - Indians believed that you should have your own land and the white settlers believed that you should always have money
- Ideology that the US government was superior
- The US had not enforced their side of the deal
- It meant that the Native Americans were dependant on the government for survival
- The treaty was in English and so they didn't know what they were signing up for
46
What did the discovery of gold in the rocky mountains in colorado mean?
That there were roughly 100 000 settlers and miners on Indian land and the government was doing nothing about it
47
Who were exterminators?
People who believed that the Native Americans were problems that needed military action
48
Why did the Cheyenne Uprising happen?
- Native Americans were being forced onto the reservations and the conditions were terrible
- Black Kettle led his men outside to steal food from the wagons
- Some Cheyenne decided to camp at a smaller reservation and while they were there, they were attacked by the Colorado Militia
49
How many people died at the Cheyenne Uprising?
150 (most children, elderly and women)
50
How did the Sand Creek Massacre happen?
- During the Cheyenne Uprising, the men were hunting so the people who were mainly killed were women, children and the elderly
- So 5 bands of Indians joined together to attack white settlements
- Hundreds of settlers had to leave their homes to remain safe.
51
Why did the Red Cloud's war happen?
- Due to the inaction from the government when the Fort Laramie Treaty was broken when gold was discovered, so the Sioux attacked the travellers.
- The government got involved and sent the US army to work on the chain of forts along the trail.
- Red Cloud attacked the army. By winter of '66, the soldiers were under siege, however, the Sioux were not strong enough to capture the forts.
- They were forced to close off the trail to travellers.
- The government were forced to change the policy and so made the great Sioux reservation in which no American settler was allowed to set foot.
52
Why did the Fetterman Massacre happen?
- In December 1866, a detachment of 80 men led by William Fetterman was lured into a trap set by the Sioux and were killed and mutilated
- There were 81 fatalities
- In 1868, the army started to reconsider their commitment to protecting the Bozeman trail and pulled out
53
Why did the Little Crow's war happen?
- The money from the government stopped coming to the reservations and so they were starving
- The little crow attacked the Indian agency and 27 men and 10 women and children were killed
- 45 soldiers soon came to their aid, but only 24 made it out alive
- The fighting continued for months but they were never able to defeat the army, so they attacked smaller settlements instead. Over 700 settlers were killed.
- A month later, 2000 Santee Sioux surrendered or had been caught. A month later 303 had been sentenced to death. There was not much evidence and 38 of them were innocent and still hanged.
54
How were the Northern States on the eve of the Civil war?
- There were a lot of immigrants coming to the developing cities to avoid slavery in the south
- Slavery was diminishing in these states (last was New Jersey)
- There was an Abolotionist Movement working for the total end of slavery
- Wanted protection for themselves when the Federal government were regulating trade with Britain
55
How were the Southern states on the eve of the Civil war?
- They were dependant on slave labour to sustain their way of life and economy
- Their states were suitable for agriculture and farming
- They wanted open trade when the federal government were regulating trade with Britain
56
What happened when the North and South disagreed about regulating trade with Britain?
the equal number of Northern free states and number of Southern slave states balanced each other out and both were forced to compromise
57
What was the Missouri compromise?
The Missouri Compromise was when the congress agreed to admit Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state. It also meant that slavery was banned from future territories on Missouri's border
58
Who ran the Underground Railroad and what was it?
Harriet Tubman - it was a network of secret routes and safe houses. It was designed for the slaves who were escaping to free states. It continued through the Civil War
59
What was the Compromise of 1850
Wanted California to be a free state, but only if Utah and New Mexico became states too and could choose if they wanted slavery.
60
What was the book of Uncle Tom's Cabin?
A book by Harriet Stowe, and was an anti-slavery book that sold 1.2 million copies 2 years after it was published. It was hated in the South.
61
What was the Kansas-Nebraska Act?
To build the transcontinental railroad, Kansas and Nebraska had to become slave states. They agreed that future states would have to choose between being a slave state a being a free state
62
What was the period of time known as 'bleeding kansas'
It was a period of time where repeated outbreaks of violence between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces following the creation of the new territory in Kansas
63
Who was John Brown?
Was an abolitionist who carried out anti-slavery actions such as taking part in a massacre at a proslavery settlement
64
What was the significance of John Brown?
He became a martyr for Northerners and a sign to the Southerners saying that the North wanted to destroy them
65
What were the South afraid of when Licoln was elected as president?
That he was going to abolish slavery but he said he would not interfere with it where it was already permitted
66
Name three states that wanted to leave the Union and become their own country (forming the confederacy) because of Lincoln?
Florida, Texas and Georgia
67
How does a state apply for statehood?
It needs to have a big enough population (states like Ohio, Indiana and Illinois had to go through this)
68
What was the South's view on Lincoln?
They do not believe that he will not end slavery and don't trust him or the North states
69
What was the North's view on Lincoln?
They are pro-abolitionists and support Lincoln's election bid and the republican anti-slavery policy
70
Who was William Gist?
Governor of South Carolina
71
What did the South do when Lincoln won?
They were more willing to secede (withdraw) and lots of federal governments resigned
72
What was the new topic of disagreement between the North and the South after slavery and Lincoln's election?
Whether or not secession was illegal (state's autonomy) and this causes the civil war
73
What did President Buchanan say about slavery and what did the North and South think?
That slavery should continue to be permitted where it already exists. The North saw him as weak for saying this and the South are still annoyed that he said that secession is unconstitutional (not allowed). So this message didn't change anything, both sides remain annoyed.
74
What state did the USA annex from Mexico after the war and what did the North fear?
Texas, and that because of the new land, the South will gain economic and political power
75
What was the emancipation proclamation?
An order passed by Abraham Lincoln during the Civil war to free all slaves in 10 states
76
Why did Lincoln give the emancipation proclamation?
- Giving the North a moral cause - boosted morale
- Slave labour was propping up the confederate war effort because they were working in army camps
- Making the war about slavery meant that any chance of Britain or France supporting the confederacy
77
Give three social impacts of the war
- When black soldiers were captured by the confederates, they were not treated as prisoners of war but were returned to slavery in the state they came from or executed (38,000 died by war's end)
- Immediately after the war, there was an appeal for the vote for women as well as black men but had little support
- The status of women changed very little after the war, they volunteered as unpaid nurses during the war and they returned to their traditional roles when the war ended
78
Give three economic impacts after the war on the North
- Northern workers often protested against their poor pay while working in the war but were accused of being unpatriotic and Union troops were sent to put the protests down
- The workers' pay was lagging behind as inflation occurred. Women and young boys were paid less which drove the men's wages down. Women accepted their wage as it was an improvement for them
- Northern industries suffered financially. The shoe business lost money as their main market was the south
79
Give three economic impacts after the war on the South
- They suffered terrible inflation - the confederate government tried to fund the war by raising the taxes but since it was unsuccessful, they tried printing more money, resulting in hyperinflation, causing more problems
- The cotton industry lost access to its raw materials as the cotton was picked by the slaves who were now free
- The southern international trade routes were cut off and so they lost money through this. The north did provide the south with some food and the south traded cotton, proving there was still some trade across enemt lines
80
What was the Mormon's relationship with the Native Americans?
They respected each other's traditions and cultures and the Mormons even converted some of them. They always treated them as equals
81
Why was tension growing between the Mormons and Gentiles?
The Gentiles were paranoid because there were stories saying that the Mormons were planning on killing all the gentiles and were using the Native Americans to help
82
Why did the government decide to take action against the Mormons?
Brigham Young reigned all in Utah, and was not biding by the US laws
83
Why did the US government find it so hard to come to terms with the Mormons?
- Difference in culture (polygamy)
- Envy of the financial and political success
- Suspicion of their relationship with the Native Americans (US gov and NA have completely different cultures and beliefs)
84
What happened at the Mountain Meadow Massacre?
- The tensions rooted from either the invading US army or that Brigham Young had told Mormons not to trade with non-mormons
- The first attack on the wagon train caused a 5 day siege
- The migrants from Arkansas knew the Mormons were involved and so the Mormon militia leader killed all witnesses
- Travellers were tricked into leaving the protection of their wagons and were killed apart from children who Mormon's took in
- Mormons blamed it on the Native Americans but this was not believed
- The investigation meant that the leader, John Lee, was executed for the crime
- News made the public furious at the Mormons back in the East so the federal government sent more troops
- Mormons fled their homes
- A peace settlement was negotiated in the end
85
What was the government's deal with Utah if they were to become part of the US
They had to ban polygamy
86
What is reconstruction?
The period after the war where the South was reorganised and reintegrated into the Union
87
What is a constitution?
A written set of rules which establishes how a country is governed
88
What is an amendment?
A change made to the US constitution
89
What is congress?
The federal (national) law-making body, composed of the senate and the house of representatives
90
What does veto mean?
A president's constitutional right to reject a decision made by the law-making body congress in the US
91
What does impeachment mean?
A process that is used to charge, try, and remove and president for misconduct while in office
92
What are the three parts of the US constitution?
- Legislative (approving budgets, declaring war and passing laws)
- Executive (appoints government officials, meets with other leaders, head of the federal government, recommends laws to congress
- Judicial (settles disputes, interpret laws, declare governmental actions
93
Who was Andrew Johnson?
The Vice president to Abraham Lincoln (it was unusual because Lincoln was a republican and Johnson was a democrat)
94
What were the Black Codes?
Restrictive laws passed for Black Americans
95
Who didn't want Northern republicans back into the Senate and what did Johnson do in response to this?
The southern congressmen and senators, Johnson vetoed them but they overruled him again
96
Which Johnson campaign against and why?
14th amendment because it meant that giving citizenship to former slaves although they became free
97
What happened when Johnson when he violated one of the laws that the South passed to restrict the power of the president?
He was impeached but they lost by 1 vote
98
What was Lincoln's plan for reconstruction?
Give southern states military governors to begin with and then they were allowed to form state governments and these states were back in the union control (long term aim to reintegrate them into the union over time)
99
What was Johnson's plan for reconstruction?
All 7 states without reconstruction could return to the union and almost all southerners who took an oath of allegiance would be pardoned and given their land back. States could apply to be pardoned and must take an oath of allegiance
100
What was the 13th Amendment?
Abolished slavery in all states
101
What was the 14th Amendment?
Granted citizenship to all persons born in the US
102
What was the 15th Amendment?
Stated that voting rights could not be denied because of race, colour, previous conditions of servitude
103
What was the problem with the 13th amendment?
Some south governments refused to join the union. the dispute with republicans worsened over reconstruction
104
What was the good and bad thing about the black codes?
It meant freed slaves could marry, own property, make legal contracts and testify against other black people. But they were not fully free as the reputation of black people in the south was an issue, the republicans in congress believed that the southern states would not deal with the ex-slaves fairly unless forced
105
What did the civil rights act of 1866 do?
They were attempting to give the former slaves more freedom and citizenship
106
What did the civil rights act of 1867 do?
It was an election of state governments where all black Americans and white Americans (not barred by the 14th amendment) could vote. Johnson vetoed the act, but Congress overrode and the act became law. However, military power was needed and Johnson replaced the officers who were for the idea (this caused disputes)
107
What was the Impeachment Crisis?
The republicans in congress passed 2 new laws to limit the power of the president and at the end of his trial, after the votes, he was able to serve for the remainder of his time
108
What did Black people build after the civil war?
Schools, churches and a big African-American institution were all built after the civil war and the slaves were separated from their families, reunited
109
Who was part of the backlash against Black male leaders in the US
The Klu Klux Klan was made after the war to show that even if they were free, they weren't equal.
110
What was a carpetbagger?
Northern opportunists who came to the South for money and power and were greedy, they had so little possessions that they were stuffed into a travelling bag made of carpet material
111
What was a scallywag?
Opportunists that wanted to make money for themselves. They held the most political offices during reconstruction but they drifted back to democrats as they didn't care about black rights
112
After Lincoln's death, who took over and why were people not happy about it?
Andrew Johnson and congress was unhappy about Johnson's leniency to the ex-rebels and they argued that he made it too simple for the southern states to join the Union again
113
What were Exodusters?
African Americans who fled North Carolina because of economic and political grievances after the reconstruction era
114
What exactly did the Black Codes restrict?
interracial marriage and forcing them to sign labour contracts
115
What was the homestead act?
It gave citizens or future citizens up to 160 acres of public land provided they live on it, improve it and pay a small registration fee
116
What did the Desert Land act entail?
Gave settlers the right to buy 640 acres of land cheaply as rainfall was scarce
117
What did the Timber Culture Act entail?
It gave settlers a further 160 acres of old free land if they if they planted trees on 40 acres of it
118
Give three pull factors to the west
- The offer of cheap or free land
- Chance to start a new adventure - appealing
- Thousands of emigrants left Europe to settle in Iowa, Minnesota and Dakota
119
Give three push factors from the East
- Scandinavians wanted good farming land that was no longer available at home
- Soldiers from both sides of the war, saw a lack of opportunity when they returned home
- Many former slaves were still oppressed and persecuted in the South and many Southern lost their land and income
120
Give one enabling factor (a factor that made the transfer from the East to the West simpler)
The use of railroads instead of on foot or by wagon
121
Give three problems that the homesteaders faced when they got to the plains and how they resolved them
- They were not many trees which made it hard to find fuel and heat homes or cook --> farmers copied the NA and use buffalo or 'cow chips' (dried poop) for fuel and some planted trees to get fuel
- In the summer, the grass was dry and prairie fires started easily which destroyed homes and crops --> they tried to stop them by leaving gaps in their crops
- It was difficult to protect crops from buffalo or straying cattle as there was no wood for fencing --> the invention of barbed wire provided a cheap and effective solution for protecting crops from wandering animals
122
What was an exterminator?
The white settlers that had conflict with the NA due to the fact they were settling on their land. They developed negative attitudes towards the NA and wanted them gone.
123
What was a negotiator?
Mainly the government and those from the eastern USA, they didn't share the same views as the exterminators and thought that they could solve the differences
124
What was the strategy of 'Total war'
It had successfully been used in the civil war and involved waging war against the whole enemy population, not just the soldiers. They would destroy food supplies, clothing, possession and animals.
125
When was the best time for the US to fight the NA?
In winter, when the bands could not move or travel due to the weather and thick snow
126
What triggered the Great Sioux war?
The discovery of gold in the black hills
127
What happened after Custer reported that there was gold in the hills (after breaking the Fort Laramie Treaty)
the Hills were invaded by miners - by 1875 there was 1000 miners and the government was unable and unwilling to do anything
128
What did the government offer to the Sioux in exchange for what in 1875?
They offered $6 million for the Black Hills and this Sioux immediately refused
129
How many Sioux were living outside the reservation in 1875?
7,000 showing the power of Sitting Bull as leader
130
Why would the decrease of the Buffalo endanger the NA and why were they decreasing?
It means they would have a food shortage and they would be forced to go into the fort of the US army if they were hungry; because the buffalo hunters were shooting the herds
131
Why did the Sioux go to war with the US?
They broke the Fort Laramie treaty by checking the Black Hills for gold. The Sioux were also ordered to move back into the reservations but they could not due to the harsh weather conditions
132
Why did the price of buffalos shoot up?
Because they were becoming more and more scarce due to the hunters
133
What was Sheridan's plan?
the army was instructed to treat all NA outside the reservations as hostile. Sheridan planned to trap the NA through three different columns
134
Give a weakness for Sheridan's plan?
There was no serious attempt to find out how many Indians they might be facing
135
What was the Battle of Rosebud?
Where Cook's column stopped in Rosebud creek and Crazy Horse attacked them and they ended up losing 28 men
136
What happened when Terry (one of Sheridan's columns) split up his forces
They were supposed to march towards little bighorn and Custer was ordered to follow the Indian trail. However, Custer deliberately disobeyed orders and rode across the wolf mountains, and he arrived at Little Bighorn a day earlier. The NA there were not expecting an attack but Custer's mean and horses were exhausted
137
Why did Custer lose the battle of little bighorn?
- Despite people warning him, he disobeyed and decided to attack the camp of sitting bull and crazy horse
- He split his men into Benteen and Reno, each getting 125 men and so when he went to attack, he was largely outnumbered
- Because Custer had forced them to split up, when he asked for help, they refused. Custer was largely outnumbered
138
Why did the Sioux win the battle of the little bighorn?
- Stuck to their morals, didn't do anything reckless
- Their large numbers meant that they could surround them in groups and then defeat them one by one
- Some of them were better equipped than the cavalrymen since they used the rifles provided by the traders for hunting
139
Why was the Battle of Little Bighorn actually a failure for the NA?
- Angered the American government (were chased back into their reservations and took their power)
- They continued to destroy the buffalo and any form of 'Indian Culture'
- They were forced to sell the Black Hills, the Powder River Country and the Bighorn mountains and were put under military rule
- The food ration collections were moved from the Cheif's responsibility to the head of the family, diminishing the role of the chief
140
Why was the role of the chief diminishing after the battle of little bighorn?
The reservation was now split up into individual plots and so they no longer had to turn to the chief for help, everyone was self-sufficient
141
What happened to the NA children after the Battle of Little Bighorn?
The children were taken from their parents and taken to boarding schools where they were not allowed to speak their own language. The parents couldn't do anything about it and if they protested, their rations would be stopped until they gave in
142
What did the Dawes Act do?
Allowed the federal government to break up tribal lands
143
What happened at the Battle of the Wounded Knee?
- A holy man had a vision that all would be right in the world and so the NA celebrated with the ghost dance (which was banned because all ceremonies were banned by the US gov.)
- The Indian agents called an army to help and an attempt to arrest Sitting Bull was made but his followers protested, and so SB was shot so many followers fled to Big Foot
- The Big Foot band were asked to camp at Wounded Knee and had orders to disarm the Sioux and the Sioux warriors resisted
- It turned into a massacre and so many died
144
What was the Indian frontier?
The border between official US land and Native American land
145
What did the end of the Indian Frontier mean for the:
- Native Americans
- White settlers and homesteaders
- African Americans
- Mormons
- NA were banished from their homeland and their culture continued to be under attack, they continued to struggle gripping onto their ways of life
- There were now more area for the white settlers to live and they joined the Union (Montana, Washington etc)
- The African Americans lived in fear of racial prejudice which occurred frequently from white US citizens and terrorist groups like the KKK
- Utah was not allowed to become a free state until polygamy was banned, which did become the case
