medicine factors: individual

Question 1

medieval - medicine

Answer 1

Hippocrates:

• 4 humours theory
• balancing fluids
• different parts of the body need different treatments
• wrote 60 books

Question 2

medieval - surgery

Answer 2

Galen:

• learned about anatomy in gladiator school
• dissected apes and pigs
• used observation and recorded symptoms
• wrote books used as uni textbooks

Question 3

early modern - medicine

Answer 3

Thomas Sydenham:

• believed in observation of symptoms with as little intervention as possible
• believed each disease had a unique treatment
• successfully treated malaria with Cinchona bark
• cool therapy for small pox using liquids and bleeding

Question 4

early modern - surgery

Answer 4

Pare:

• surgeon and army doctor in the italian war (Siege of Milan)
• ran out of oil so made ointment with egg yolk, turpentine, rose oil instead of cauterization (less painful and more effective)
• used ligatures to tie off wounds
• invented crows beak clamp
• developed artificial limbs
• wrote les Oeuvres in 1575

Question 5

19th century - medicine

Answer 5

Louis Pasteur:

• invented germ theory
• invented Pasteurisation
• argued microorganisms were responsible for disease
• first work was on chicken chlolera
• in 1880 it lead to a vaccine against rabies

Question 6

19th century - surgery

Answer 6

Joseph Lister:

• biggest killer in operations was infection and gangrene
• sterilised operating room using Carbolic acid
• death rates fell from 46% to 15% in 3 years
• 1871 he invented carbolic acid spraying machine
• known as father of antiseptic surgery

Question 7

20th century - medicine

Answer 7

Alexander Fleming:

• during ww1 he was sent to study wounded soldiers
• looked for something that could kill microbes that caused infection
• germ staphylococci cause septicaemia, fleming went on holiday whilst investigating it and spores from mouldy bread left in lab, got into the petri dish and killed the germ
• mould was penicillin (antibiotic)

Question 8

20th century - surgery

Answer 8

Harold Gillies:

• new techniques to treat facial injuries
• in 1917 there were special hospitals for facial repairs
• over 5000 soldiers had grafted skin put onto injuries
• he could rebuild faces and became the pioneer of plastic surgery