MEDICINE Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of pneumothorax- AIRTIGHT

A
Asthma- secondary
Injury that penetrates the chest
Rupture of sub-pleural bleb
TB
Lung infection
Growth ie lung carcinoma
Hereditary ie cystic fibrosis
Connective tissue disorders eg Marfan, Ehlers Danlos
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2
Q

Presentation of pneumothorax- PTHORAX

A
Pleuritic chest pain
Tracheal deviation
Hyperresonance to percussion
Asymptomatic if pneumothorax small
Xray shows collapse
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3
Q

Symptoms of hypercalcemia

A

Stones- renal
Bones- bone pain
Groans- abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting
Thrones- polyuria
Psychiatric overtones- confusion, cognitive dysfunction, depression, anxiety, insomnia, coma

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4
Q

Causes of hypercalcemia

A

Primary hyperparathyroidism

Malignancy

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5
Q

Features of neuroleptic malignant syndrome

A
Pyrexia
Tachycardia
Hypotension
Confusion
RIgidity
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6
Q

acutely ill

A

respiratory rate >20

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7
Q

Important predictor of cardiac arrest

A

Respiratory rate >27

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8
Q

How to spot a sick patient

A

NEWS
How the patient looks/sounds/smells
Patient’s clinical examination
New investigations (nearside vs. distant tests)

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9
Q

Causes of breathing problems

A

CNS depression
Poor respiratory effort from muscle weakness
Disorders of lung function e.g. pneumothorax, haemothorax, asthma, COPD, ARDS, Oedema
Chest wall problems

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10
Q

How breathing problems kill

A

Hypercapnia and apnoea

pulmonary oedema

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11
Q

Causes of circulatory problems

A
MI
Ischaemia
Arrhythmia 
Myocarditis
Cardiac failure
Tamponade
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12
Q

Hypotension

A

SBP <90MMhG, map <60mmHg

Decrease greater than 40 0r 30% from patient’s baseline

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13
Q

Assessing hypotension

A

Heart rate
Volume status
Cardiac performance
Systemic vascular resistance e.g. sepsis, anaphylaxis

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14
Q

primary survey in trauma care

A
to identify life threatening injuries
A- AIRWAY maintenance with cervical spine protection
B- Breathing and ventilation
C- Circulation with haemorrhage control
D- Disability and neurologic status
E- Exposure and environmental control
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15
Q

secondary survey

A

to identify all other injuries

severe, minor, occult

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16
Q

Definitive care

A

completion of treatment of injuries

17
Q

Falls screen

A
FBC
U&amp;Es
Inflammatory markers- evidence of infection
Blood glucose
Resting ECG
Urinalysis
Lying-standing BP