Medicine Flashcards
Ideas :supernatural ideas
SUMMARY
-things were dark/depressing/dark ages/roman empire split into two /war across the whole of Europe /death and destruction was rife
*christain church was dominant in
medieval society
*Supernatural ideas were common.this impacted on peoples beliefs about the causes of illness
Catholic Church :
Believed God made them ill because he was either displeased with them or testing their faith
Allowed dissection but results would have to support Galens theory as it suited the churches notation of their being only 1 God who create humans and their body papers based on Hippocrates ‘four humours’
Doctors treatments were still based on four humours /most people couldn’t afford them Anyway so instead -afford them anyway so instead went to apothecaries , monks and wise men
-things were had people were sick /getting sicker , dead, even the Monachry didn’t want to get involved because they thought public health was beneath them - so people continued to be treated untrained surgeons
This wiped out 40%of britains population -overcrowding , poor living conditions , terrible public health the Black Death spread rapidly
What did the Catholic Church believe made them ill
What was happening at this period
God and the cause of disease
-church taught and people believed that god made them ill because he was either displeased with them or resting their faith
This meant that people believed there was no need to search for other , rational explanations for disease
This held back medical research and meant that few new ideas about the causes of disease appeared in medieval times
Astrology
- alignment of planets and stars was thought to cause some diseases
- astrology was used to help diagnose what was wrong with a patient
- use of astrology wasn’t new in 1250 but it increased through this period , especially after the Black Death when the church become more accepting
The church’s control of ideas:
- centre of formal learning
- most of what ordinary people learned were taught by the church
- Church discouraged dissection and did not approve of people challenging ideas and authority
- unlike most people , monks and priests could not read and write , church was in charge of books were read
- church approved of traditional rational explanations for disease .promoted ideas of Galen as his theories fitted Christian beliefs
- taught people should follow Jesus example and care for the sick . Many hospitals were housed on monstaries and nunneries
What did the church teach
What did this mean
What did this result in
Rational explanations for disease
The four humours:
-ancient Greeks thought everyone had a mix of four humours in their body . They believed people become ill when this was unbalanced .so to make people better they tried to put this balance right -these ideas continued well into Ruhr Middle Ages
Theory of opposites:
-Galen developed the idea of the four humours further ,besides bleeding and purifying to get rid of excess humours , treatment based on his theory of opposites aimed to balance the humours by giving them the opposite of their symptom.
Galen:
Claudius Galen=developed Hippocrates ideas and mainly bloodletting and purging to prevent and treat illness as well as his own treatments based on his theory of opposites .
Also drew detailed diagrams of human anatomy using knowledge he gained from operating on wounded gladiators and carrying out dissections on dead (mostly animals ) bodies
Hippocrates:
His Ideas and books were very influential were very influential well into medieval times and beyond
Dismissed the idea that gods causes disease -he believed there was a physical reason for illness , which needed physical cure
Most treatments were based on exercise and rest but also used bleeding and purging to get rid of excess humours
Wrote the Hippocrates oath -where doctors swore to the respect life and prevent harm -studying symptoms , making notes , comparing with similar case , then diagnosing and treating -is the basis of the approach used today
Miasma
-another theory about the cause of disease was that it was transmitted by ‘bad air ‘
This was related to God because bad smells indicated sin
The theory originated in the in the ancient world but continued into the Middle Ages and well into the 19th century
What was the four humours What was the theory of opposites What is Miasma Who was Galen Who was Hippocrates
Approaches to prevention and treatment
Rational treatments in connection with the four humours
- bloodletting
- purging
Methods to prevent illness Religious and supernatural methods: -living a Christian life -chanting incantations -carrying lucky charms/amulets -self-punishment.such as flagellation -punishing yourself so God wouldn't
Rational methods:
- exercising
- purifying the air
- bleeding and purging
- trying to keep streets clean
- bathing and washing
- not overeating
Traditional remedies
=most common remedies made with herbs , which were drunk , sniffed or bathed in.Remedies also included different foods to rebalance the humours and ointments to apply to the skin , they were made at home/mixed and sold by an apothecary
Religious treatments Praying Fasting Going on pilgrimage Praying for a special mass to be said
Supernatural treatments
=included specific ideas for certain illnesses such as hanging a magpies beak around your neck to cure toothache
What were the 2 rational treatments in connection with the four humours
What were the methods to prevent illness give examples for each
What were the traditional treatments
What were the religious treatments
What were the supernatural treatments
Approaches to caring for the sick
Different people treated the sick in the Middle Ages :
Barber surgeons
Care in the home
Apothecaries
Physicians
Barber surgeons
- no training
- carried out bloodletting , pulling teeth and lancing boils . Also cut hair
- basic surgery such as amputating the limb(low success rate)
- cost less than a physician
Care in the home
- most ill people throughout this period were a treated at home by a female family member
- the village ‘wise women’ often the lady of the manor , would also tend to people in their homes for free
Who were the different people that treated the sick
Describe each
What did physicians do
Describe the hospitals
The Black Death
Causes
Avoidance
Symptoms
Treatments
What was the Black Death When was it What were the causes What were the avoidances What were the symptoms What were the treatments
Ideas : a scientific approach
What does renaissance mean
What were the change in ideas on causes of disease
What was the continuity in ideas on causes on disease
What were the changing influence of the church
What was change in the work of physicians and scientists
Who was Thomas Sydenham
What did he do
Transmemission of ideas
Major change in the renaissance period +commmunaicatins and transmission of ideas
-developemeng of printing press
Setting up of the royal society
What was one of the major Changes in the renaissance period
What was developed during this time what did it cause / change
What was the royal society
What did they do
Continuity in prevention treatment and care
although there were some Changes in hospital care -most treatment and prevention. During renaissance period stayed the same
Hospitals
Community care
Changes in prevention and treatment
Continuing treatment and preventions
Lack of change
What happened during to treatment and preventions during the renaissance period
Describe the hospitals
What was community care
Give examples of continuing treatments and prevention
What were the changes in prevention and treatment
What was the lack of change
Why did the improved knowledge and discoveries of the renaissance have a limited impact at the time
Change in care and treatment
Although there was little practical change in medicine during the renaissance , there were important changes in medical training and new discoveries made by Vesalius that led to changes in care and treatment after 1700
Apothecaries/surgeons:
Continuity
Changes
Physicians:
Continuity
Changes
Vesalius
The importance of Vesalius
Describe the changes during renaissance period
Describe continuity and change for apothecaries/surgeons and physicians?
Who was Vesalius
What was the importance of Vesalius
The great plague
What was the great plague
What were the causes
What were the treatments what was the governo
William Harvey
Discovering the circulation of the blood
The importance of Harvey
Who was William Harvey
Germ theory and microscopes
*although this period began with little Change in ideas about the disease by 1900,huge breakthrough had been made in the discovery of the true cause of many disease
Continuity in theory it causes of disease
Microscopes
Change in theory or causes of disease:germ theory
The influence of Pasteur and Koch
What was germ theory
Deceive microscopes
Describe the changes in theory of causes of disease:germ theory
What was the influence of Pasteur and Koch
Improvements in hospital care
Florence nightingale
- nursing wasn’t seen as respectable job for women + little training
- she attended fist nurses training school in K Hospital Germany
- asked to lead team of nurses -1854-55)
- she believed miasma caused disease ,so emphasised hygiene , fresh air , good supplies/training for nurses-this lowered death date at Scutari hospital from 42% to 2%
- her work was widely reported in newspapers in Britain .
Changes in hospital care
- - - - - -
Who was Florence nightingale
What changes did she make
How did This effect the death rate at the hospital she worked at
Describe changes in hospital care
Anaesthetics and antiseptic
Search for an anaesthetic
Development of antiseptics
Opposition
Aseptic surgery
The impact of anaesthetics and antiseptics
Describe the search for an anaesthetic
Describe of development of antiseptics
Describe aseptic surgery
Describe the opposition
Describe the impact of anaesthetics and antiseptics
