Medicine Flashcards
When was writing developed in Egypt?
3000BC
When was the Hippocrates Corpus?
420-350BC
When was Galen Born?
129
When was the Fall Of Rome?
476
When was the first outbreak of the Plague?
1348
When was printing founded in Europe?
1454
When was the Royal Society founded?
1660
When was the “Great Plague of London”?
1665
When did inoculation begin in Britain?
1720
When did the first vaccination occur, and who created it?
1796; Jenner
When did Cholera first occur in Britain?
1831
When was the “Chadwick Report”?
1842
When did Ether and Chloroform begin to be in use?
1846/7
When was the first Public Health Act?
1848
When was Cholera linked to water pollution - and who was it?
1854; John Snow
When was the Germ Theory created - and who by?
1857; Pasteur - but (I think) published in 1861
When was the second Public Health Act?
1875
When did antispetic come into general use?
1890
When were X-Rays first in use?
1895
When was radioactivity discovered - and who was it?
1896; Becquerel
When were blood groups discovered?
1900
When was penicillin discovered - and who was it?
1928; Fleming
When was the first Kidney Transplant?
1951
When was the structure of the DNA discovered?
1953
When was the Pill discovered?
Late 1950’s
When was the mass penicillin production - and who ran it?
1938 - 1940; Florey and Chain
When, and who, discovered that bacteria causes cholera?
1883; Kock
When was carbolic acid used as an antispecic - and then developed as a spray? Who made it?
1865
When the NHS founded? And who was it set up by?
1948
Nye Bevan
When was the second cholera epidemic? And what did it cause?
1848 and the first Public Health Act
Who was the god Asclepius?
The Greek God of healing.
He had two daughters, Panacea and Hygeia who assisted him with healing.
He was worshiped at special temples called Asclepions
Who was Hippocrates?
Greek doctor, born in Cos around 460BC
Author of ‘Hippocratic Collection’ of medical texts
Originator of the ‘Hippocratic Oath’ and pioneer of ‘Four Humours’ theory
Who was Galen?
Born in 129AD in Greece, but travelled round the Roman Empire and was a doctor to the Emperor
Developed the ‘Theory of the Opposites’ from the Four Humours
Demonstrated the brain controlled the body not the heart
Who was Avicenna?
Also known as Ibn Sinna
Arab doctor, who lived from 980-1037AD in Spain
Wrote a million-word textbook covering all aspects of medicine
Who was Rhazes, and what did they discover?
Described the difference between smallpox and measles
Understood the location affected public health
What did Ibn Al Nafis?
Described the heart as a pump circulating blood around the body but dissection was banned so was unable to prove it
Who was Ibn-Nafis?
Questioned Galen
Suggested that blood flowed from one side of the heart to the other via the lungs (he was correct)
Arab world/Middle ages
Who was Parcelsus?
Rejected the “Four Humours” Theory and gave lectures against it
Renaissance
When was the Renaissance?
1400 - 1750
Who was Vesalius?
Dissected bodies and wrote books based upon observations with accurate diagrams
He pointed out Galen’s mistakes
Renaissance NEED TO IMPROVE THIS
When was the Housing Act?
1919
When was the “Beveridge Report”? And what did it entail?
1942
By William Beveridge to provide free medical care for all at the point of service
When was the Middle Ages?
400 - 1500
1066 a split in lifestyle for the Middle Ages
When was Ancient Rome?
500BC - 500AD
When was the Islamic Empires?
500-1500AD
Who was Andreas Vesalius?
Born in Brussels in 1514, studied medicine in Brussels and Italy - where he used artists drawings of dissections and published them in the “Fabric of Human Body”
His work was widely circulated due to the invention of printing
Challenged the work of Galen, such as the human jaw bone
When was Ancient Egypt?
3,400BC-30BC
When was Ancient Greece?
1000BC-300BC
When was “Fabric of the Human Body” by Andreas Vesalius published?
1543
When was “Works of Surgery” by Ambroise Paré published?
1575
When was “An Anatomical Account of the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals” by William Harvey published?
1628
When was the Modern World period? (Or also known as the Industrial Age)
1750-1900
Who was Ambroise Paré?
Born in France 1510
Surgeon in Paris at Hotel Dieu and military surgeon
Treated wounds using turpentine and conducted amputations using ligatures
Who was William Harvey?
Born in 1578 in Folkestone
Worked as a royal doctor and lecturer in anatomy
Developed theory of circulation of blood and challenged Galen’s ideas on blood
Who was Paracelsus?
Born in 1483 in Germany
Disagreed with Galen over the Four Humours and thought disease attacked the body from the outside
Decided mineral remedies to help cure disease eg Mercury and arsenic
Who was Lady Mary Wortley Montague?
Wife of an English diplomat - ambassador to Turkey in early 1800s
Saw use of inoculation against smallpox
Brought idea back to Britain
Who was Edward Jenner?
Born in England, 1749
Developed first vaccine for smallpox using cowpox
FACED OPPOSITION such as Royal Society, but Parliament granted him £30,000 to set up a vaccination clinic in London
Who was Elizabeth Garret?
1836
First woman doctor to qualify in Paris in 1870
Founded The New Hospital for Women in London
In 1876 a law was passed allowing women to enter medical professions
Who was Florence Nightingale?
1820
Worked as a nurse at the Scutari Hospital in the Crimea
Published “Notes on Nursing”
Founded first training school for nurses (1860)
Who was Louis Pasteur?
France, 1822
Author of “Germ Theory” - challenged the theory of “spontaneous generation” and miasmas
Use of new technologies, eg Listers microscope helped him make his discoveries
Who was Wilhelm Rontjen?
X-RAYS 1895
Most important in WW1
Who was Ehrlich?
FIRST MAGIC BULLET
Salvarsan 606
Who was Domagk?
2nd Magic Bullet against blood poisoning - sulphonamide
Test on daughter
Magic bullets kill all bacteria
When was the first heart transplant, and who performed the surgery?
1967; Barnard
When was the printing press founded?
1454
