Medicine: 19th Century

Question 1

Summarise Louis Pasteur

Answer 1

1822-1895 (mid to late 1800s)
Found bacteria can b killed by heating
Found out that milk went off due to multiplication of bacteria
Proved bacteria caused disease not the other way round
Developed new form of vaccination with air-exposure weakened germs
Created germ theory (1861)

Question 2

Describe the Swan Neck Flask Experiment

Answer 2

Liquid boiled and micro organisms killed
But flask open to air so dust could get in, but it got trapped in the swan neck so everything remained uninfected
When the flask was tipped, the bacteria on the dust got in
Disproved spontaneous generation

Question 3

Explain Pasteur’s Vaccination technique

Answer 3

Attenuated cholera injected into chicken: no disease caused
Live cholera injected into V chicken and N chicken
N chicken died, V chicken didn’t
The attenuated cholera gave V chicken some immunity to string forms of the disease

Question 4

Summarise Robert Koch

Answer 4

1843-1910 (late 1800s)
Created agar on which to grow bacteria
Developed a new experiment to get if a particular germ causes a specific disease
Developed ways of staining bacteria making them easier to study
Founder of modern bacteriology

Question 5

Summarise Paul Ehrlich

Answer 5

1854-1915 (late 1800s)
Created Salvarsan 606 which cured syphilis and only syphilis (magic bullet)
Found a dye for bacteria that was simultaneously poison
Coined chemotherapy to describe ya of chemicals in treatment of disease

Question 6

What were the 3 main barriers in surgery in the 19th century and who solved them?

Answer 6

Pain-James Simpson
Infection-Joseph Lister
Blood loss-kind of everyone

Question 7

Summarise Joseph Lister

Answer 7

1827-1912 (late 1800s)
Used catholic acid to sterilise wounds
Reduced mortality rates after surgery from 46% to 15%

Question 8

Summarise James Simpson

Answer 8

1811-1870 (mid 1800s)
Used chloroform to reduce pain in childbirth and in general surgery
There was much opposition until Queen Victoria used it in 1853

Question 9

Summarise John Snow

Answer 9

1813-1858 (early 1800s)
Disproved miasma and found cholera began in stomach
Used GIS and chemical analysis
Discovers contaminated water as cause of cholera
Worked out proper doses for chloroform

Question 10

Describe how John snow dealt with the broad street outbreak

Answer 10

Plotted deaths on Voronoi diagram
Explained deaths not near pump and non-deaths near pump
Local Health Commission removes pump handle 6th sept 1854
Henry Whitehead finds cause to b baby’s nappy

Question 11

What was the Public health Act of 1848?

Answer 11

Created Central Board of Health

Encouraged Local Boards of Health to appointment medical officers, provide sewers, inspect lodging houses and check food

Question 12

What did the 1866 public health act do?

Answer 12

Local authorities became responsible for sewers, water and street cleaning

Question 13

What did the 1875 Health Act decree?

Answer 13

All the acts of 1848 are compulsory

Street lights compulsory

Question 14

Why did these acts start to exist?

Answer 14

The working class got the vote

Question 15

Summarise Florence Nightingale

Answer 15

1820-1910 (mid to late 1800s)
Believed she heard god telling her to help sufferers
Led a team of nurses to the Crimea
Provided bandages, blankets, food, running water and medical attention
Reduced mortality rates on the wards from 40% to 2%

Question 16

Name the 9 factors

Answer 16

War
Superstition and Religion
Chance
Government
Economy 
Ideas
Communication
Science and technology
Role of the individual