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GCSE History > Medicine-19th and 20th Century-Fighting disease > Flashcards

Medicine-19th and 20th Century-Fighting disease Flashcards

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1
Q

What is inoculation?

A

This is when you inject someone with a small amount of the disease you are trying to cure so they build an immunity to it.

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2
Q

Which surgeon was Edward Jenner an apprentice under and what did he learn from him?

A

John Hunter-learnt about the importance of observation and experiment to test their ideas.

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3
Q

Where in the world did people first try inoculation against smallpox?

A

China and other parts of Asia and Africa

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4
Q

Who brought inoculation to Britain?

A

Lady Mary Wortley Montagu-she saw inoculation in Turkey. She had her daughter inoculated in front of important doctors in Britain.

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5
Q

How did Jenner come up with his theory about vaccination?

A

He heard stories of milkmaids who had caught cowpox and then did not catch smallpox, so he experimented to see if this was correct.

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6
Q

What did Jenner call his discovery?

A

Vaccination

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7
Q

What factors helped Jenner to spread his idea?

A

Attitudes: enquiry, communications (Jenner published his work in 1795), government (Parliament gave £30,000 to Jenner to develop this idea, in 1852 this vaccine was made compulsory), individual genius.

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8
Q

What were the limitations of Jenner’s vaccine?

A

Many people opposed it, Anti-vaccine League was formed in 1866. Jenner didn’t actually know how his vaccine worked.

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9
Q

What did people think caused disease in 1800?

A

Miasma (bad air), dirt.

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10
Q

What was spontaneous generation theory?

A

Scientist identified micro-organisms using microscopes. They believed that they were spontaneously caused by decay and then they spread disease.

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11
Q

Where was Louis Pasteur from?

A

France

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12
Q

Which industry did Pasteur help?

A

Alcohol industry-concluded a micro-organism made the drink sour and gently heating it would kill the organism (pasteurisation)

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13
Q

When did Pasteur publish his Germ Theory?

A

1861

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14
Q

Why is germ theory important?

A

Realised that germs caused illness, which is correct. If they knew it was germs they could then do something about it.

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15
Q

Who was inspired to beat Pasteur and try to discover more about fighting disease?

A

Robert Koch

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16
Q

What could Koch do, that Pasteur couldn’t?

A

Koch developed a dye that helped him identify specific germs that caused specific illnesses. For example Anthrax.

17
Q

How did chance help Pasteur?

A

Pasteur was trying to find a cure for chicken cholera. Charles Chamberland left a batch of germs out for the summer of 1880. When they inoculated a chicken with the old germs the chicken was immune to chicken cholera.

18
Q

Who found out about penicillin but then didn’t do anything with it?

A

Joseph Lister

19
Q

When did Fleming discover penicillin?

A

1928

20
Q

Where did Alexander Fleming work?

A

St Mary’s Hospital in London

21
Q

Which disease was Fleming investigating?

A

Staphylococci

22
Q

Why did Fleming not develop penicillin further?

A

He could not create enough of it to trial on humans

23
Q

When did Florey and Chain develop penicillin further?

A

1938

24
Q

What happened to Albert Alexander?

A

He was a policeman with septicaemia. In 1941, he was treated with penicillin from Florey and Chain but they did not have enough, so when it ran out the infection came back and he died.

25
Q

What helped Florey and Chain the get funding to mass produce penicillin?

A

The Second World War

26
Q

What did Paul Ehrlich develop in 1909?

A

The first chemical cure for disease, Salvarsan 606 or the magic bullet. This targeted a specific disease in the body and killed it without damaging other tissues.

27
Q

What did Francis Crick and James Watson discover in 1953?

A

The structure of human DNA and how it passed from parents to children.

28
Q

What factors helped fighting disease in the 19th and 20th Century?

A

Government, war, science, technology, communications.

29
Q

Why was this cartoon published in 1802?

A

Published by the Anit-Vaccination League. It was trying to get people to protest against Jenner’s vaccination using cow pox.

30
Q

What is the message of this source?

A

This source is suggesting that the new doctors are saving mankind from the backwards ways of the old doctors.

GCSE History (13 decks)

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