Medicine 1900 - Modern Day Flashcards
what invention of the 20th century helped scientists analyse human cells
electron microscope
what was discovered with the help of the electron microscope
every cell in the body contains DNA - the codes that controlled the genes of each person
who worked on on how genetic codes of DNA fitted together
James Watson and Francis Crick
who helped Watson and Crick and how
Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins by created x-ray crystallography which helped work out the double helix structure
who led the human genome project and what was it
James Watson in 1990 started identifying and mapping every gene in human DNA
name three ways in which the human genome project has helped
a better understanding of some genetic conditions, e.g. Down’s syndrome
predicting whether individuals are at a higher risk of developing some cancers
the discovery that stem cells can be grown into different cells
name two limitations to the human genome project
there isn’t a cure or treatment for most genetic conditions
there isn’t a way of preventing most genetic diseases
what three things have been discovered to have a negative affect on health and increase chance of contracting diseases
smoking has been linked to many diseases , e.g. emphysema, high blood pressure, heart diseases and many cancers
drinking alcohol has been linked to many cancers as well as liver and kidney diseases
a bad diet has been linked to getting certain types of cancer or heart disease
give three improvements in how doctors diagnose patients on the 20th century
laboratories to test skin or blood
x-rays,scans and endoscopes to ‘see’ inside the body with more clarity than ever before
monitors to see what is going on over a period of time
give 5 example of technology used in the 20th and 20st century medicine
any 5 x-ray prosthetic leg MRI, CT and ultrasound scans endoscopes pacemakers dialysis machines insulin pumps blood pressure and blood sugar monitors hypodermic needles microscopes incubators
who discovered that your body produces antitoxins which only attack the microbes that cause disease
Emil Von Behring
who helped fund Paul Ehrlich and his team to find the ‘magic bullet’ for syphilis
German government
who helped Ehrlich find the magic bullet for syphilis
1909 -Dr sahachiro Hata , a Japanese bacteriologist
who discovered the second magic bullet , what for and when
Gerhard Domagk for some types of food poisoning in 1932
what did Domagk discovery of Prontosil, the second magic bullet, enable for other scientists
other scientists discovered that a key ingredient in prontosil, sulphonamide, could also cure pneumonia, scarlet fever and meningitis
why did the magic bullet have limited the impact
it couldn’t fight the bacteria, staphylococcus
what was the first antibiotic, who discovered, when and how
the firsts antibiotic was penicillin, discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928 when he left a petri dish of the bacteria, staphylococcus, open and left for holiday, when he back he had found mould growing on top of the petri dish that had killed the bacteria
what did the discovery of penicillin led other scientist to do
experiment with other mould which led to discovery of other antibiotics
what has mass production of antibiotics led
due to overuse of antibiotics, super bacteria, which are resistant to antibiotics have evolved
name advancement in surgery
keyhole and robotic surgery
why is keyhole surgery an breakthrough
the development of tiny camera and surgical instrument , surgeons can use small incisions instead of large cuts, which reduces the patients recovery time. also small instrument mean surgeons reattach nerves and blood vessels
why has robotic surgery made surgery more precise
surgery can be carried out remotely, with the robots be controlled by surgeons through a computer
what was established in 1911 and what did it do
national insurance act, which protect workers who fell ill
what report recommended the introduction of national healthy service and when
1942 , the Beveridge report
when was NHS established and what did it mean for the people of UK
1948 new health laws seeing a GP hospital care and operation health visitors for pregnant women and young children ambulance and emergency treatment health care for elderly
what happen in 1938 which led to compulsory vaccinations across the country
an epidemic of Diphtheria where 3000 people died
name three ways the government had attempted to prevent people getting ill
funding more testing and vaccination
better disposal of rubbish and sewage
laws reducing air and water pollution
laws banning the adverting of cigarettes and smoking in public areas
laws improving health and safety at work
environmental healthy officers inspecting food outlets
how has the government been helping with lifestyle campaigns
by funding publicity to raise awareness of illness and dangers of health
give a example of government campaigning lifestyle
1980s ‘ AIDS: don’t die of ignorance’ which reduced cases of HIV infections
who worked with Fleming on researching Penicillin
Howard Florey and Ernest Chain
what led to the mass production of Penicillin
to treat one person it required a lot of penicillin, this meant it would be expensive to grow themselves, they went to the US after being rejected by the UK, they showed the effectiveness of penicillin and after 1941 attack on pearl harbour the us had asked 21 companies to produce penicillin for the troops
what year did the USA and UK began mass producing penicillin
USA 1942
UK 1943
when was the first chemical copy of penicillin made
1951
what are the symptoms of lung cancer
persistent cough, coughing up blood , breathlessness , tiredness, unexplained weight loss, and repeated chest infections
in most case by the time the symptoms show up the cancer is already developed, why
the symptoms are similar to many other conditions
name the three treatments for lung cancer
surgery to remove the tumour or carry out lung transplant
radiotherapy to try to shrink the tumour or prevent its growth
chemotherapy to try and shrink the tumour or prevent the cancer returning
name three ways the government has tried to reduce the number of people smoking
tax on tobacco products is regularly increased to make smoking more expensive and to encourage people to stop TV advertising for cigarettes was banned in 1965 and for cigars and tobacco 1991. all forms of advertising have been banned since
in 2007, the legal age to buy tobacco products was raised from 16 to 18
