Medicine 1900 - Modern Day

Question 1

what invention of the 20th century helped scientists analyse human cells

Answer 1

electron microscope

Question 2

what was discovered with the help of the electron microscope

Answer 2

every cell in the body contains DNA - the codes that controlled the genes of each person

Question 3

who worked on on how genetic codes of DNA fitted together

Answer 3

James Watson and Francis Crick

Question 4

who helped Watson and Crick and how

Answer 4

Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins by created x-ray crystallography which helped work out the double helix structure

Question 5

who led the human genome project and what was it

Answer 5

James Watson in 1990 started identifying and mapping every gene in human DNA

Question 6

name three ways in which the human genome project has helped

Answer 6

a better understanding of some genetic conditions, e.g. Down’s syndrome
predicting whether individuals are at a higher risk of developing some cancers
the discovery that stem cells can be grown into different cells

Question 7

name two limitations to the human genome project

Answer 7

there isn’t a cure or treatment for most genetic conditions

there isn’t a way of preventing most genetic diseases

Question 8

what three things have been discovered to have a negative affect on health and increase chance of contracting diseases

Answer 8

smoking has been linked to many diseases , e.g. emphysema, high blood pressure, heart diseases and many cancers
drinking alcohol has been linked to many cancers as well as liver and kidney diseases
a bad diet has been linked to getting certain types of cancer or heart disease

Question 9

give three improvements in how doctors diagnose patients on the 20th century

Answer 9

laboratories to test skin or blood
x-rays,scans and endoscopes to ‘see’ inside the body with more clarity than ever before
monitors to see what is going on over a period of time

Question 10

give 5 example of technology used in the 20th and 20st century medicine

Answer 10

any 5 
x-ray
prosthetic leg
MRI, CT and ultrasound scans 
endoscopes
pacemakers
dialysis machines
insulin pumps
blood pressure and blood sugar monitors
hypodermic needles
microscopes
incubators

Question 11

who discovered that your body produces antitoxins which only attack the microbes that cause disease

Answer 11

Emil Von Behring

Question 12

who helped fund Paul Ehrlich and his team to find the ‘magic bullet’ for syphilis

Answer 12

German government

Question 13

who helped Ehrlich find the magic bullet for syphilis

Answer 13

1909 -Dr sahachiro Hata , a Japanese bacteriologist

Question 14

who discovered the second magic bullet , what for and when

Answer 14

Gerhard Domagk for some types of food poisoning in 1932

Question 15

what did Domagk discovery of Prontosil, the second magic bullet, enable for other scientists

Answer 15

other scientists discovered that a key ingredient in prontosil, sulphonamide, could also cure pneumonia, scarlet fever and meningitis

Question 16

why did the magic bullet have limited the impact

Answer 16

it couldn’t fight the bacteria, staphylococcus

Question 17

what was the first antibiotic, who discovered, when and how

Answer 17

the firsts antibiotic was penicillin, discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928 when he left a petri dish of the bacteria, staphylococcus, open and left for holiday, when he back he had found mould growing on top of the petri dish that had killed the bacteria

Question 18

what did the discovery of penicillin led other scientist to do

Answer 18

experiment with other mould which led to discovery of other antibiotics

Question 19

what has mass production of antibiotics led

Answer 19

due to overuse of antibiotics, super bacteria, which are resistant to antibiotics have evolved

Question 20

name advancement in surgery

Answer 20

keyhole and robotic surgery

Question 21

why is keyhole surgery an breakthrough

Answer 21

the development of tiny camera and surgical instrument , surgeons can use small incisions instead of large cuts, which reduces the patients recovery time. also small instrument mean surgeons reattach nerves and blood vessels

Question 22

why has robotic surgery made surgery more precise

Answer 22

surgery can be carried out remotely, with the robots be controlled by surgeons through a computer

Question 23

what was established in 1911 and what did it do

Answer 23

national insurance act, which protect workers who fell ill

Question 24

what report recommended the introduction of national healthy service and when

Answer 24

1942 , the Beveridge report

Question 25

when was NHS established and what did it mean for the people of UK

Answer 25

1948
new health laws 
seeing a GP 
hospital care and operation 
health visitors for pregnant women and young children 
ambulance and emergency treatment 
health care for elderly

Question 26

what happen in 1938 which led to compulsory vaccinations across the country

Answer 26

an epidemic of Diphtheria where 3000 people died

Question 27

name three ways the government had attempted to prevent people getting ill

Answer 27

funding more testing and vaccination
better disposal of rubbish and sewage
laws reducing air and water pollution
laws banning the adverting of cigarettes and smoking in public areas
laws improving health and safety at work
environmental healthy officers inspecting food outlets

Question 28

how has the government been helping with lifestyle campaigns

Answer 28

by funding publicity to raise awareness of illness and dangers of health

Question 29

give a example of government campaigning lifestyle

Answer 29

1980s ‘ AIDS: don’t die of ignorance’ which reduced cases of HIV infections

Question 30

who worked with Fleming on researching Penicillin

Answer 30

Howard Florey and Ernest Chain

Question 31

what led to the mass production of Penicillin

Answer 31

to treat one person it required a lot of penicillin, this meant it would be expensive to grow themselves, they went to the US after being rejected by the UK, they showed the effectiveness of penicillin and after 1941 attack on pearl harbour the us had asked 21 companies to produce penicillin for the troops

Question 32

what year did the USA and UK began mass producing penicillin

Answer 32

USA 1942

UK 1943

Question 33

when was the first chemical copy of penicillin made

Answer 33

1951

Question 34

what are the symptoms of lung cancer

Answer 34

persistent cough, coughing up blood , breathlessness , tiredness, unexplained weight loss, and repeated chest infections

Question 35

in most case by the time the symptoms show up the cancer is already developed, why

Answer 35

the symptoms are similar to many other conditions

Question 36

name the three treatments for lung cancer

Answer 36

surgery to remove the tumour or carry out lung transplant
radiotherapy to try to shrink the tumour or prevent its growth
chemotherapy to try and shrink the tumour or prevent the cancer returning

Question 37

name three ways the government has tried to reduce the number of people smoking

Answer 37

tax on tobacco products is regularly increased to make smoking more expensive and to encourage people to stop TV advertising for cigarettes was banned in 1965 and for cigars and tobacco 1991. all forms of advertising have been banned since
in 2007, the legal age to buy tobacco products was raised from 16 to 18