Medicine 1700 - 1900

Question 1

what discovery had helped to develop knowledge of bacteria and germs by the 1900

Answer 1

microscope

Question 2

what continuity in the theory of cause of disease could still be seen in the 18th century

Answer 2

scientists thought germs were were produced by decaying matter - this was called spontaneous generation
miasma was still a cause but was becoming less popular

Question 3

when was the germ theory published and who by

Answer 3

1861 by Louis Pasteur

Question 4

how did Pasteur discover microbes

Answer 4

he was asked to a wine brewery to see why the wine was going sour, he then proceeded to boil the wine which ended up killing the microbes and proved that spontaneous generation was incorrect

Question 5

how further developed Pasteur’s germ theory

Answer 5

Robert Koch

Question 6

what did Koch find the bacterium for in 1876

Answer 6

anthrax in sheep, this helped develop a vaccine and settle once and for all that microbes caused disease not spontaneous generation or miasma

Question 7

what did Koch develop that made

a) growing bacteria easier
b) seeing bacteria under microscope

Answer 7

a) agar jelly could be used to grow bacteria

b) chemical dyes could be used to dye bacteria so they could be seen easier under the microscope

Question 8

why did Pasteur’s work have little impact at first

Answer 8

he was a chemist who worked with food and drink not diseases so people didn’t listen to him and doctors still believed in spontaneous generation

Question 9

what impact did Koch have on medicine in Britain

Answer 9

he inspired others to research microbes, however it took a while for doctors and the government to accept the germ theory because it didn’t have an impact of their medical treatments and prevention

Question 10

who was significant in influencing improvement in hospital care and sanitation

Answer 10

Florence Nightingale

Question 11

when did Nightingale lead a team of nurse at a military hospital

Answer 11

1854-56 Scutari during the Crimean war

Question 12

what did Nightingale emphasis in her work

Answer 12

good hygiene, fresh air, good supplies and training fro nurses which improved conditions in the hospitals

Question 13

why did Nightingale insist on good hygiene and fresh air

Answer 13

she still believed in miasma because of the period she grew up in

Question 14

what kind of changes could be hospital care into the 19th century

Answer 14

hospital cleanliness and organisation improved , nurses had training and Pasteur’s germ theory led to better hygiene
infirmaries were built for the poorest in the society
specialist hospitals were built developed e.g. asylums for mentally ill and fever houses for infectious diseases

Question 15

what three things made surgery difficult

Answer 15

blood loss, pain and infection

Question 16

what was the first anaesthetic and why was its effect limited

Answer 16

Ether used William Thomas Green Morton in 1846, it was limited because it made patients cough during operation and was highly flammable

Question 17

what was the second anaesthetic, why was it good and did it have an limitations

Answer 17

chloroform in 1847 by James Simpson, it was very effective with few side affects, however it was difficult to get the dosage right and could kill someone because of the effect on the heart. An inhaler was used to regulate dosage

Question 18

what was the first local anaesthetic

Answer 18

cocaine in 1884, in 1905 a less addictive version Novocaine was used as a general anaesthetic

Question 19

what did Joseph Lister to ensure aseptic surgery

Answer 19

used carbolic acid which kills parasite in sewer, soaked bandages in carbolic acid to avoid wounds getting infection as well as his equipment to prevent the spread the germs and invented a spray to kill germs in the air

Question 20

what changed in operating theatres and wards by 1900

Answer 20

they were thoroughly cleaned using aseptic techniques, and surgeons and nurses wore sterilised clothing and used sterilisted instruments

Question 21

name three oppositions to anaesthetics

Answer 21

people worried about long term effects of using anaesthetics and thought that being unconscious made patients more likely to die
religious believers thought that god inflicted pain fro a reason, so it was wrong to interfere
its take a long time for doctors and surgeons to believe in the germ theory and accept Lister’s discoveries

Question 22

what impact did anaesthetic and aseptic surgery mean

Answer 22

meant that surgeons could take their time, be more careful and perform deeper , more complex surgeries, this led to a decrease in death rate and increase in success rate

Question 23

what did Pasteur’s team of scientist discover

Answer 23

a weakened version of a disease-causing microbes could be used to create immunity from that disease

Question 24

what did Pasteur develop vaccines for

Answer 24

anthrax in sheep
chicken cholera fro animals
rabies fro humans

Question 25

what did the 1875 public health act demand

Answer 25

clean water
sewers
public toilets
street lighting
public parks
inspecting lodging houses for cleanliness
monitor the building of new houses to prevent damp and overcrowding
check the quality of food sold in shops
employ a public officer of health to monitor disease

Question 26

who developed the vaccine for smallpox

Answer 26

1790’s Edward Jenner developed the vaccine for smallpox by injecting local people with cowpox because he saw that people with cowpox never got smallpox and it worked

Question 27

how did Jenner get his idea around

Answer 27

the Royal society refused t publish his ideas so he paid them to print i in ‘an enquiry into the cause and effect of the variola vaccine

Question 28

what was set up in 1802 to promote vaccination

Answer 28

Royal Jennerian Society

Question 29

when were vaccinations made compulsory

Answer 29

1853

Question 30

what did the world health organisation announce in 1979

Answer 30

smallpox had been wiped out

Question 31

give a few opposition to Jenner’s work

Answer 31

many thought it was wrong to give people an animal’s disease
it interfered with God’s plan
doctors lost money when the government gave out free vaccinations

Question 32

what did people think caused cholera

Answer 32

miasma and spontaneous generation so they cleaned streets, threw away rubbish and tried to keep their houses clean

Question 33

what did the public healthy act of 1848 suggest

Answer 33

cities should be provided with clean water supplies

Question 34

why did the public health act of 1848 have little impact

Answer 34

it wasn’t compulsory so few complied with it

Question 35

who was John Snow and what theory did he develop

Answer 35

a popular and well-know surgeon who observed the cholera epidemic , and starting developing the theory that cholera was caused by drinking contaminated water, not by miasma

Question 36

what did Snow discover in Soho, London about the cause of cholera

Answer 36

he mapped the deaths and found a strong link to a water pump in broad street, he removed the pump and the death rates dropped drastically, it was discovered a cesspit close by was leaking into the water

Question 37

when did Snow present his findings of cause of cholera to the government

Answer 37

1855

Question 38

why was Snow’s theory limited

Answer 38

many didn’t believe because he didn’t have scientific evidence

Question 39

what were the long-term effects of Snows work

Answer 39

the public healthy act of 1875 and a link between dirty water and disease

Question 40

what did the conditions of the industrial revolution mean for the people living and working

Answer 40

it was worse than the middle ages, overcrowded houses, people shared everything toilets, water etc

Question 41

what did Edwin Chadwick write

Answer 41

1842 Chadwick wrote a report on sanitary conditions of the labouring population, he found the average life expectancy is higher in people who live in the countryside compared to towns and cities, 15 years old in Liverpool

Question 42

name the four vaccine that were created between 1896 and 1827 which made a huge difference on saving lives

Answer 42

1896 typhoid
1906 tuberculosis
1911 diphtheria
1927 tetanus