Medicine 1700 - 1900 Flashcards
what discovery had helped to develop knowledge of bacteria and germs by the 1900
microscope
what continuity in the theory of cause of disease could still be seen in the 18th century
scientists thought germs were were produced by decaying matter - this was called spontaneous generation
miasma was still a cause but was becoming less popular
when was the germ theory published and who by
1861 by Louis Pasteur
how did Pasteur discover microbes
he was asked to a wine brewery to see why the wine was going sour, he then proceeded to boil the wine which ended up killing the microbes and proved that spontaneous generation was incorrect
how further developed Pasteur’s germ theory
Robert Koch
what did Koch find the bacterium for in 1876
anthrax in sheep, this helped develop a vaccine and settle once and for all that microbes caused disease not spontaneous generation or miasma
what did Koch develop that made
a) growing bacteria easier
b) seeing bacteria under microscope
a) agar jelly could be used to grow bacteria
b) chemical dyes could be used to dye bacteria so they could be seen easier under the microscope
why did Pasteur’s work have little impact at first
he was a chemist who worked with food and drink not diseases so people didn’t listen to him and doctors still believed in spontaneous generation
what impact did Koch have on medicine in Britain
he inspired others to research microbes, however it took a while for doctors and the government to accept the germ theory because it didn’t have an impact of their medical treatments and prevention
who was significant in influencing improvement in hospital care and sanitation
Florence Nightingale
when did Nightingale lead a team of nurse at a military hospital
1854-56 Scutari during the Crimean war
what did Nightingale emphasis in her work
good hygiene, fresh air, good supplies and training fro nurses which improved conditions in the hospitals
why did Nightingale insist on good hygiene and fresh air
she still believed in miasma because of the period she grew up in
what kind of changes could be hospital care into the 19th century
hospital cleanliness and organisation improved , nurses had training and Pasteur’s germ theory led to better hygiene
infirmaries were built for the poorest in the society
specialist hospitals were built developed e.g. asylums for mentally ill and fever houses for infectious diseases
what three things made surgery difficult
blood loss, pain and infection
what was the first anaesthetic and why was its effect limited
Ether used William Thomas Green Morton in 1846, it was limited because it made patients cough during operation and was highly flammable
what was the second anaesthetic, why was it good and did it have an limitations
chloroform in 1847 by James Simpson, it was very effective with few side affects, however it was difficult to get the dosage right and could kill someone because of the effect on the heart. An inhaler was used to regulate dosage
what was the first local anaesthetic
cocaine in 1884, in 1905 a less addictive version Novocaine was used as a general anaesthetic
what did Joseph Lister to ensure aseptic surgery
used carbolic acid which kills parasite in sewer, soaked bandages in carbolic acid to avoid wounds getting infection as well as his equipment to prevent the spread the germs and invented a spray to kill germs in the air
what changed in operating theatres and wards by 1900
they were thoroughly cleaned using aseptic techniques, and surgeons and nurses wore sterilised clothing and used sterilisted instruments
name three oppositions to anaesthetics
people worried about long term effects of using anaesthetics and thought that being unconscious made patients more likely to die
religious believers thought that god inflicted pain fro a reason, so it was wrong to interfere
its take a long time for doctors and surgeons to believe in the germ theory and accept Lister’s discoveries
what impact did anaesthetic and aseptic surgery mean
meant that surgeons could take their time, be more careful and perform deeper , more complex surgeries, this led to a decrease in death rate and increase in success rate
what did Pasteur’s team of scientist discover
a weakened version of a disease-causing microbes could be used to create immunity from that disease
what did Pasteur develop vaccines for
anthrax in sheep
chicken cholera fro animals
rabies fro humans
what did the 1875 public health act demand
clean water
sewers
public toilets
street lighting
public parks
inspecting lodging houses for cleanliness
monitor the building of new houses to prevent damp and overcrowding
check the quality of food sold in shops
employ a public officer of health to monitor disease
who developed the vaccine for smallpox
1790’s Edward Jenner developed the vaccine for smallpox by injecting local people with cowpox because he saw that people with cowpox never got smallpox and it worked
how did Jenner get his idea around
the Royal society refused t publish his ideas so he paid them to print i in ‘an enquiry into the cause and effect of the variola vaccine
what was set up in 1802 to promote vaccination
Royal Jennerian Society
when were vaccinations made compulsory
1853
what did the world health organisation announce in 1979
smallpox had been wiped out
give a few opposition to Jenner’s work
many thought it was wrong to give people an animal’s disease
it interfered with God’s plan
doctors lost money when the government gave out free vaccinations
what did people think caused cholera
miasma and spontaneous generation so they cleaned streets, threw away rubbish and tried to keep their houses clean
what did the public healthy act of 1848 suggest
cities should be provided with clean water supplies
why did the public health act of 1848 have little impact
it wasn’t compulsory so few complied with it
who was John Snow and what theory did he develop
a popular and well-know surgeon who observed the cholera epidemic , and starting developing the theory that cholera was caused by drinking contaminated water, not by miasma
what did Snow discover in Soho, London about the cause of cholera
he mapped the deaths and found a strong link to a water pump in broad street, he removed the pump and the death rates dropped drastically, it was discovered a cesspit close by was leaking into the water
when did Snow present his findings of cause of cholera to the government
1855
why was Snow’s theory limited
many didn’t believe because he didn’t have scientific evidence
what were the long-term effects of Snows work
the public healthy act of 1875 and a link between dirty water and disease
what did the conditions of the industrial revolution mean for the people living and working
it was worse than the middle ages, overcrowded houses, people shared everything toilets, water etc
what did Edwin Chadwick write
1842 Chadwick wrote a report on sanitary conditions of the labouring population, he found the average life expectancy is higher in people who live in the countryside compared to towns and cities, 15 years old in Liverpool
name the four vaccine that were created between 1896 and 1827 which made a huge difference on saving lives
1896 typhoid
1906 tuberculosis
1911 diphtheria
1927 tetanus
