Medicine 💉

Question 1

Types of gait

Answer 1

Question 2

Spastic gait

Answer 2

Question 3

Scissors gait

Answer 3

Question 4

Propulsive gait

Answer 4

Question 5

Steppage gait

Answer 5

Question 6

Waddling gait

Answer 6

Question 7

Pathogenesis of Central cyanosis

Answer 7

• The blood leave the LV containing high amount of reduced Hb

Question 8

Causes of Central cyanosis

Answer 8

Cardiovascular:
- Cong cyanotic heart dse (TOF, TGA) Cardiogenic shock (advanced HF, pulmonary Edema, massive PE)

Chest diseases:
- Interstitial lung dse, ARDS, Resp failure, FB inhalation

Question 9

Site of Central cyanosis

Answer 9

As peripheral + tongue “ sides & undersurface”

Question 10

Hand in Central cyanosis

Answer 10

Warm d.t (hypoxia → VD)

Question 11

Warming effect on Central cyanosis

Answer 11

No effect

Question 12

Pulse in Central cyanosis

Answer 12

Hyperdynamic (bounding)

Question 13

Clubbing in Central cyanosis

Answer 13

• In long standing cases

Question 14

Pathogenesis of Peripheral cyanosis

Answer 14

• The blood leave the LV containing normal amount of reduced Hb, but stagnation in peripheral circulation

Question 15

Causes of Peripheral cyanosis

Answer 15

• Peripheral VC : cold exposure
• Peripheral vascular dse (Reynaud’s)
• Obstruction of circulation by thrombus or embolism

Question 16

Site of Peripheral cyanosis

Answer 16

• Outer surface of the lips
• Ear pinna Tip of the nose
• Tip of the fingers (Tongue is normal)

Question 17

Hand in Peripheral cyanosis

Answer 17

• Cold (VC)

Question 18

Effect of hand warming in Peripheral cyanosis

Answer 18

Improve cyanosis

Question 19

Pulse in Peripheral cyanosis

Answer 19

Small volume

Question 20

Clubbing in Peripheral cyanosis

Answer 20

Absent

Question 21

vaue of neck vessels examination

Answer 21

• reflect pressure changes in the Rt atrium

Question 22

Which vein in preferely examined? Internal jugular or external jugular? and why?

Answer 22

We use internal jugular in exam, because:

• It is in direct connection with the Rt atrium.
• Large diameter, short course.
• Not pierced by fascia, have no valves (unlike ext. jugular which is the opposite

Question 23

Rt or lt internal jugular?

Answer 23

• The Right (because it has short course & directly connected to atrium

Question 24

what characterizes clubbing?

Answer 24

• loss of subungual angle
• Increasing of the longitudinal & lateral diameter due to proliferation of tissue under nail bed
• Overgrowth of soft tissue & adjacent periosteum

Question 25

what causes clubbing?

Answer 25

Hypoxia or toxemia

Question 26

Grades of clubbing

Answer 26

Question 27

Causes of Unilateral edema

Answer 27

• DVT, cellulitis, lymphatic obstruction

Question 28

Causes of Unilateral edema

Answer 28

• cardiac, hepatic, renal, nutritional edema, drugs ( OCPs, CCBs)

Question 29

Grades of edema

Answer 29

• Grade 1: compression on medial malleolus
• Grade 2: compression on the shin of the tibia
• Grade 3: pinching skin over medial aspect of the thigh
• Grade 4: pinching skin of anterior abdominal wall

Question 29

Surface anatomy of the liver

Answer 29

Question 30

Causes of unilateral kidney enlaregment

Answer 30

• hydronephrosis, tumor, cyst

Question 31

Causes of Bilateral kidney enlaregment

Answer 31

polycystic kidney, lower urinary obstruction

Question 32

what causes tenderness of kidney?

Answer 32

1. Acute pyelonephritis.
2. Acute glomerulonephritis