Medicine 💉 Flashcards
Types of gait
Spastic gait
Scissors gait
Propulsive gait
Steppage gait
Waddling gait
Pathogenesis of Central cyanosis
- The blood leave the LV containing high amount of reduced Hb
Causes of Central cyanosis
Cardiovascular:
- Cong cyanotic heart dse (TOF, TGA) Cardiogenic shock (advanced HF, pulmonary Edema, massive PE)
Chest diseases:
- Interstitial lung dse, ARDS, Resp failure, FB inhalation
Site of Central cyanosis
As peripheral + tongue “ sides & undersurface”
Hand in Central cyanosis
Warm d.t (hypoxia → VD)
Warming effect on Central cyanosis
No effect
Pulse in Central cyanosis
Hyperdynamic (bounding)
Clubbing in Central cyanosis
- In long standing cases
Pathogenesis of Peripheral cyanosis
- The blood leave the LV containing normal amount of reduced Hb, but stagnation in peripheral circulation
Causes of Peripheral cyanosis
- Peripheral VC : cold exposure
- Peripheral vascular dse (Reynaud’s)
- Obstruction of circulation by thrombus or embolism
Site of Peripheral cyanosis
- Outer surface of the lips
- Ear pinna Tip of the nose
- Tip of the fingers (Tongue is normal)
Hand in Peripheral cyanosis
- Cold (VC)
Effect of hand warming in Peripheral cyanosis
Improve cyanosis
Pulse in Peripheral cyanosis
Small volume
Clubbing in Peripheral cyanosis
Absent
vaue of neck vessels examination
- reflect pressure changes in the Rt atrium
Which vein in preferely examined? Internal jugular or external jugular? and why?
We use internal jugular in exam, because:
- It is in direct connection with the Rt atrium.
- Large diameter, short course.
- Not pierced by fascia, have no valves (unlike ext. jugular which is the opposite
Rt or lt internal jugular?
- The Right (because it has short course & directly connected to atrium
what characterizes clubbing?
- loss of subungual angle
- Increasing of the longitudinal & lateral diameter due to proliferation of tissue under nail bed
- Overgrowth of soft tissue & adjacent periosteum
what causes clubbing?
Hypoxia or toxemia
Grades of clubbing
Causes of Unilateral edema
- DVT, cellulitis, lymphatic obstruction
Causes of Unilateral edema
- cardiac, hepatic, renal, nutritional edema, drugs ( OCPs, CCBs)
Grades of edema
- Grade 1: compression on medial malleolus
- Grade 2: compression on the shin of the tibia
- Grade 3: pinching skin over medial aspect of the thigh
- Grade 4: pinching skin of anterior abdominal wall
Surface anatomy of the liver
Causes of unilateral kidney enlaregment
- hydronephrosis, tumor, cyst
Causes of Bilateral kidney enlaregment
polycystic kidney, lower urinary obstruction
what causes tenderness of kidney?
- Acute pyelonephritis.
- Acute glomerulonephritis
