Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

History > Medicine > Flashcards

Medicine Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® U.S. History flashcards European History 101 flashcards AP® European History flashcards AP® World History flashcards World History 102 flashcards U.S. History 102 flashcards World History 101 flashcards U.S. History 101 flashcards
1
Q

What were some natural and supernatural approaches to disease

A

Natural:
• apothecaries - herbs for ‘medicine’
• burning herbs to create a sweet smell to get rid of miasma

Supernatural:
• praying to god
• flagellation
• astrology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How can Hippocrates still be useful today?

A

He made the Hippocratic oath (all doctors must be ethical and not harm patients) which is used today.

Introduced clinical observation (observing to see what’s wrong first).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the four humours and who wrote them?

A

• wrote by Hippocrates
• Yellow bile, black bile, phlegm, blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What were ways to balance the four humours until the 19th century?

A

• purging (making them vomit)
• bloodletting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How was Galen helpful to medicine?

A

He encouraged dissection
Wrote books which were edited by Islamic doctors later on

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Who wrote the Theory of Opposites and what was it?

A

• Galen
• if one of the humours is imbalanced, then you must do the opposite to balance it out (e.g. if you had too much phlegm then eat hot peppers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What were 5 things in a toolkit carried by some medieval doctors?

A

Herbs
Vadmecum (a small diagnosis book)
Posies
Astrology chart
Leeches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name 2 places where there were universities set up?

A

Bologna
Padua

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What were a few things university students did?

A

Regularly look at sick people and debating better treatments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Give positives and negatives of a medieval hospital

A

Positive:
• clean
• specialised hospitals for the mad
• number of them were increasing

Negative:
• did not allow pregnant women or people with infectious disease
• sharing beds
• heavily influenced by the Church

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What was bedlam and when was it founded?

A

• 1247
It was a hospital which was originally set up for homeless people by the church but turned into a hospital to treat the mentally ill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What was the hotel dieu? When was it founded

A

651

It was a hospital in Paris for the sick and poor.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why was medicine and the church being linked a bad thing?

A

• care not cure
- doctors didn’t find new ways of treatment because of this. Also they believed illness was a punishment from god so they didn’t find new treatment.
• did not allow dissection
• spent money on religious war (crusades) instead of public health.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why was medicine and the church being linked a positive?

A

• more hospitals were set up
• encouraging people to go on religious wars such as the crusades meant that they brought back medical knowledge from the Middle East.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How did Islamic medicine help?

A

• they set up pharmacies first
• Al Razi - translated the books of Hippocrates and galen into Arabic
• Ibn Al Cina - wrote the canon of medicine
• Ibn al Nafis - challenged some of the wrong ideas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How was Al - Zahrawi benificial to medieval surgery?

A

He introduced new surgical tools and had experience on the battlefield treating wounds so he wrote books about it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What were some issues with medieval surgery?

A

They didn’t know things like dirt and bacteria causes infection so people died

People’s bodies went into shock due to pain or blood loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How was John Ardenne beneficial to medical surgery?

A

He made a pain killing ointment made of hemlock and opium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How were Hugh of Luca and his son beneficial to medieval surgery?

A

As they realised pus is bad and causes infection, people thought it helped to clean the blood.

Wine is good for cleaning wounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When was the Black Death?

A

1348

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What were some examples of bad public health in medieval towns?

A

• people drank water contaminated by waste
• they threw waste on the street
• no sewers
• overcrowding meant that disease spread fast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How were monasteries more hygienic?

A

• running water
• monks and nuns knew the importance of clean water
• they took water from upstream rather than downstream
• sewers
• hospitals attached

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What were some symptoms of the Black Death?

A

The main symptom was buboes appearing in the groin or underarms

Other symptoms were coughing blood and fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How was the black death brought into the country and spread?

A

Brought in by rats on ships

Spread by infected fleas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What were natural and supernatural ‘causes’ for the Black Death?

A

Supernatural:
• punishment from god
• astrology

Natural:
• miasma
• imbalance of humours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What percentage of population did the Black Death kill?

A

30-45%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What happened in Durnam? Why and when?

A

People caused a riot as they were panicked as there was threat of invasion by the Scot’s and the epidemic

1349

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What was the statue of labourers?

A

Prevented peasants from demanding higher wages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

When was the renaissance?

A

1400-1700

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

When was the printing press invented? How did it help medicine?

A

1440

As ideas could now be spread around faster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Versailles?

A

Studied at Padua
Anatomy was the best way to understand the body
- carried out dissections
Corrected 300 of galens mistakes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Paré

A

Barber surgeon
Learned from being a surgeon in the army
Ligatures to tie blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Harvey

A

Studied at Padua where he became a professor of anatomy

Proved that blood flows around the body and the heart is a pump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What were Quacks?

A

dishonest medical pracitcioners

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What were some new and traditional ways of treatment during The Renaissance?

A

Traditional:
- Religious ways such as praying, pilgrimages
and giving money to the Church.
- Wise women
- Herbal remedies
- Astrology
- Quackery

New approaches:
- More new hospitals. Hospitals began to treat
the sick rather than just give them hospitality.
- Towns now had pharmacies
- New herbs and ingredients from
around the world.
- Books on medicine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What was the theory behind the royal touch?

A

That the touch of a royal (particularly the king) could cure certain diseases such as scrofula.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What would some Quacks do?

A

They would sell their own medicine, which they
would claim to prevent cure or disease but in reality, they knew it had no effect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What did James Lind carry out and when?

A

What did James Lind carry out and whe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What did James Lind discover?

A

The disease scurvy could be cured by eating fresh fruit and vegetables.

40
Q

When did The Great Plague return to England?

A

1665

41
Q

What were some beliefs about the causes of The Great Plague?

A
  • They still believed it was a punishment from
    God.
  • Miasma
  • However, this time people noticed those living
    in the poorer and dirtier areas were worst
    affected.
42
Q

What were some preventative measures for The Great Plague?

A
  • Trade with affected towns was stopped
  • Infected houses were locked up
  • Plague doctors wore special suits with sweet
    smelling herbs and amulets to ward off evil
    spirits.
43
Q

What were some treatments of The Great Plague?

A

Balancing the humours by leeching.
Sniffing sponges soaked in vinegar
Burning herbs to banish foul air.

44
Q

What were The Lord Mayer’s Orders?

A

People employed to kill stray cats and dogs.
Plague graves at least 6ft deep and no gathering around them.
Searchers to identify houses where people had died of the plague.
Two watchmen to one infected house just watching to stop people going in or out.

45
Q

How did Florence Nightingale help bring change to hospitals?

A

As she saw many deaths in military hospitals during the Crimean War, so she challenged methods set up Britan’s first nurse training school.

46
Q

How did Florence Nightingale help bring change to hospitals?

A

As she saw many deaths in military hospitals during the Crimean War, so she challenged methods set up Britan’s first nurse training school.

47
Q

How did Florence Nightingale help bring change to hospitals?

A

As she saw many deaths in military hospitals during the Crimean War, so she challenged methods set up Britan’s first nurse training school.

48
Q

When did Jenner test his theory on smallpox and what did he do?

A

1796
He inserted pus taken from the cowpox pustule of a milkmaid and put it in a cut in a young boy’s arm. Then, he was exposed to smallpox and became immune.

49
Q

When did Jenners idea finally get published?

A

1798

50
Q

Why were some people unwilling to accept Jenner’s ideas?

A

As people who charged to provide inoculations were worried they’d loose income.
Smallpox is a punishment from God and should just be accepted.

51
Q

what did Pasteur discover in the 19th century

A

that germs caused disease. germ theory.

52
Q

what was spontaneous generation

A

doctors thought that disease caused bacteria and disease randomly came

53
Q

according to germ theory, what killed germs

A

heat

54
Q

what did koch do

A

specific bacteria cause specific diseases
used experiments to prove the germ bacillus anthracis caused antherax

55
Q

how did Koch make his discovery

A

took bacillus from a sheep which had died of it and injected it in a mouse and then he saw the mouse also the disease
later on, he discovered this caused tuberculosis
he also discovered cholera

56
Q

how did Pasteur find a way to make vaccines and when

A

1879
he studied chicken cholera. him and his partner experimented by injecting chickens with an old culture bacteria in the lab. the chickens were ill but didn’t die because thy had become immune to the disease. this lead them to discover that weak forms of disease could help people develop immunity to that disease.
1881 - Pasteur began experimenting with anthrax
1885 - experimenting with vaccine for rabies

57
Q

how did Pasteur test his vaccine

A

he injected it into a young boy bitten with an animal infected by rabies. the boy survived.

58
Q

what did ehrlich discover

A

magic bullets.

59
Q

how did ehrlich make his discovery

A

dyeing microorganisms so he could see them better under a microscope as he thought if he could attach a chemical to germs to stain them he could find chemicals that would kill them.
he called these chemicals magic bullets.
in 1909, he found Salvarsan, a cure for syphilis (which affected many people)

60
Q

significance of Ehrlichs work

A

1914 - he discovered magic bullets to cure syphilis, malaria and sleeping sickness
work formed the foundation of the modern pharmaceutical industry.
influenced other doctors to stop trying to find drugs to treat the symptoms of disease but to actually kill the disease

61
Q

significance of kochs work

A

he identified bacteria for anthrax, septicaemia, tuberculosis and cholera
his identifications led others to identify different diseases such as pneumonia and the plague
his assistant developed the Petri dish so bacteria could be observed more easily
made Ehrlichs magic bullets possible

62
Q

compare beliefs from the 19th century to the 20th century regarding disease

A

19th:
miasma
spontaneous generation
imbalance of humours
religious causes

20th:
beliefs started to include germs but still contained the above

63
Q

how did treatments available change

A

surgery became safer due to lister
cleaner hospitals
developments in microscopes meant that diseases could be identified easier and quicker and treated more effectively
vaccinations grew in popularity and some immunisations were mandatory for soldiers in ww1.

64
Q

who pioneered modern anaesthetics

A

James simpson

65
Q

what did Simpson discover

A

the use of chloroform as anaesthetics.

66
Q

what helped anaesthetics become accepted

A

the use of them by people such as queen Victoria

67
Q

what did lister discover and when

A

1865
he began using carbolic acid on surgical instruments to cover wounds. this drastically reduced deaths among his patients.

68
Q

how did nightingale have an impact on medicine/ surgery

A

she set up a nursing school in britian
1854 - she began to influence the standards of cleaning hospitals
1863 - published a book called ‘notes on hospitals’ which outlined the importance of cleanliness in hospitals

69
Q

what is the difference between aseptic and antiseptic surgery

A

aseptic surgery is where germs are prevented getting near patients

70
Q

how did Pasteurs germ theory have an effect on listers work

A

after he read it, he began to use carbolic avid to cover wounds and spray instruments to keep them clean.
he also insisted on washing hands in surgery.
his ideas were taken on by many surgeons

71
Q

during the industrial revolution what epidemics kept killing people

A

influenza
cholera
typhus
typhoid
smallpox

72
Q

compare the similarities between 19th century public health and medieval public health

A

similarities:
many people lived close together so disease spread faster
no systems of getting rid of waste, it was left in the street and contaminated the water supply
people didn’t understand the importance of clean water
both times the government did not do anything to help (laissez-faire).

73
Q

when did cholera arrive in britian

A

1831

74
Q

what forced the government to take action on healthcare in the industrial revolution

A

the cholera outbreak in 1848

75
Q

importance of John snow

A

1854
he worked out cholera was caused by contaminated water by recording deaths from the disease and showing they were centred around the broad street pump
this reinforced the idea of germ theory

76
Q

importance of Joseph bazalgette

A

1858
he engineered a huge network of sewers to move waste through massive pipes under the city and out to the tidal parts of the river thames. this was to help with the great stink which was all the smell of untreated human waste in the river thames

77
Q

importance of Edwin chadwick

A

he wrote a report on the living conditions of the poor. he made a direct link between poor living conditions and disease. as a result of this, the government introduced the 1848 public health act.

78
Q

importance of William farr

A

he pioneered the idea of medical statistics. he set up a system of recording the causes of deaths which meant people could better understand the public health problems that led to people dying.
he helped snow prove cholera came from water

79
Q

what attitude did the government have towards public health before the 18th century and what caused it to change

A

before they had a laissez-faire attitude
they had to change this due to:
epidemics - people demanding action after cholera in 1847
extension - more people voting meant that more people put pressure on the government

80
Q

describe the first public health act and when was it

A

1848
created a central board of health and encouraged people setting up local boards of health

81
Q

describe the second public health act and when was it

A

1875
local authorities were now forced to appoint medical officers to oversee public health. local inspectors would stop contaminated food from getting into food chain
local authorities now required to arrange for sewers to be maintained and supply fresh water and rubbish collectors

82
Q

describe how penicillin was discovered

A

1928 - Fleming finds a Petri dish wish mould growing on it and realises that the mould killed some bacteria around it. he figured out which bacteria the penicillin mould could kill.

1938 - Florey and chain discover a method of purifying and producing penicillin

1940 - Florey and chain use mice to test penicillin.

1941 - Florey and chain turn their lab at Oxford into a penicillin factory. Florey seeks assistance in the US and the US government sees potential and funds them.

1943 - Florey uses small doses to treat soldiers’ war wounds in Africa. lives were saved.

1945 - Rousseau develops a mass production method and it was 650b doses in 1945

83
Q

factors in the development of penicillin

A

luck
war
role of the individual
government

84
Q

give examples of alternative medicine and treatments today

A

acupuncture
hypnotherapy
herbal medicine

85
Q

name some big developments in surgery in the 20th century

A

plastic surgery
blood transfusions
x rays
plastic surgery

86
Q

x-rays

A

discovered by roentgen in 1895
radiation therapy using x-ray for cancer in 1901
they became popular with doctors in ww1

87
Q

blood transfusion

A

had been attempted in 1600s but the discovery of blood groups in 1901 by Landsteiner paved the way for people to work on blood transfusions

88
Q

how did ww1 have an impact on surgery

A

new developments in neurosurgery and orthopaedic surgery

89
Q

what did Charles booth do

A

produced a report on poverty among the working classes of London in 1892 called ‘life and the Labour of the people in London.
30% of London lived in poverty and the poor are not to blame for their conditions

90
Q

what did seebohn rowntree do

A

worked with booth on the study of poverty and in that they used statistics to prove poverty was not unique to London.

91
Q

how did the second Boer war help to push the idea of public health

A

as many young British men volunteered to fight but so many were not fit enough to fight as they didn’t pass any medical tests (1/3 of them).

worries if Britain was in a bigger war there wouldn’t be enough soldiers too fight in it. so the government had to do something

92
Q

national insurance act

A

1911
gave people sickness benefit, maternity benefits and free medical treatment (up to a limit)

unemployment benefit to people who lost jobs

93
Q

name 2 social reforms in the 1900s as a result of the second Boer war

A

1906 children’s charter - free school meals
1907 children’s charter - free medical checkups in schoo

1908 old age pensions

94
Q

beverage report

A

1942
during ww2, he published the beverage report which said
Britain needed a proper welfare system which would be:
available to all at the point of need
comprehensive
paid for by ppl and their wages

95
Q

nhs

A

set up in 1948 by bevan

96
Q

nhs

A

set up in 1948 by bevan

History (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions