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Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

What were some natural and supernatural approaches to disease

A

Natural:
• apothecaries - herbs for ‘medicine’
• burning herbs to create a sweet smell to get rid of miasma

Supernatural:
• praying to god
• flagellation
• astrology

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2
Q

How can Hippocrates still be useful today?

A

He made the Hippocratic oath (all doctors must be ethical and not harm patients) which is used today.

Introduced clinical observation (observing to see what’s wrong first).

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3
Q

What are the four humours and who wrote them?

A

• wrote by Hippocrates
• Yellow bile, black bile, phlegm, blood

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4
Q

What were ways to balance the four humours until the 19th century?

A

• purging (making them vomit)
• bloodletting

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5
Q

How was Galen helpful to medicine?

A

He encouraged dissection
Wrote books which were edited by Islamic doctors later on

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6
Q

Who wrote the Theory of Opposites and what was it?

A

• Galen
• if one of the humours is imbalanced, then you must do the opposite to balance it out (e.g. if you had too much phlegm then eat hot peppers)

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7
Q

What were 5 things in a toolkit carried by some medieval doctors?

A

Herbs
Vadmecum (a small diagnosis book)
Posies
Astrology chart
Leeches

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8
Q

Name 2 places where there were universities set up?

A

Bologna
Padua

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9
Q

What were a few things university students did?

A

Regularly look at sick people and debating better treatments.

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10
Q

Give positives and negatives of a medieval hospital

A

Positive:
• clean
• specialised hospitals for the mad
• number of them were increasing

Negative:
• did not allow pregnant women or people with infectious disease
• sharing beds
• heavily influenced by the Church

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11
Q

What was bedlam and when was it founded?

A

• 1247
It was a hospital which was originally set up for homeless people by the church but turned into a hospital to treat the mentally ill

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12
Q

What was the hotel dieu? When was it founded

A

651

It was a hospital in Paris for the sick and poor.

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13
Q

Why was medicine and the church being linked a bad thing?

A

• care not cure
- doctors didn’t find new ways of treatment because of this. Also they believed illness was a punishment from god so they didn’t find new treatment.
• did not allow dissection
• spent money on religious war (crusades) instead of public health.

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14
Q

Why was medicine and the church being linked a positive?

A

• more hospitals were set up
• encouraging people to go on religious wars such as the crusades meant that they brought back medical knowledge from the Middle East.

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15
Q

How did Islamic medicine help?

A

• they set up pharmacies first
• Al Razi - translated the books of Hippocrates and galen into Arabic
• Ibn Al Cina - wrote the canon of medicine
• Ibn al Nafis - challenged some of the wrong ideas

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16
Q

How was Al - Zahrawi benificial to medieval surgery?

A

He introduced new surgical tools and had experience on the battlefield treating wounds so he wrote books about it

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17
Q

What were some issues with medieval surgery?

A

They didn’t know things like dirt and bacteria causes infection so people died

People’s bodies went into shock due to pain or blood loss

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18
Q

How was John Ardenne beneficial to medical surgery?

A

He made a pain killing ointment made of hemlock and opium

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19
Q

How were Hugh of Luca and his son beneficial to medieval surgery?

A

As they realised pus is bad and causes infection, people thought it helped to clean the blood.

Wine is good for cleaning wounds

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20
Q

When was the Black Death?

A

1348

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21
Q

What were some examples of bad public health in medieval towns?

A

• people drank water contaminated by waste
• they threw waste on the street
• no sewers
• overcrowding meant that disease spread fast

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22
Q

How were monasteries more hygienic?

A

• running water
• monks and nuns knew the importance of clean water
• they took water from upstream rather than downstream
• sewers
• hospitals attached

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23
Q

What were some symptoms of the Black Death?

A

The main symptom was buboes appearing in the groin or underarms

Other symptoms were coughing blood and fever

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24
Q

How was the black death brought into the country and spread?

A

Brought in by rats on ships

Spread by infected fleas

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25
What were natural and supernatural ‘causes’ for the Black Death?
Supernatural: • punishment from god • astrology Natural: • miasma • imbalance of humours
26
What percentage of population did the Black Death kill?
30-45%
27
What happened in Durnam? Why and when?
People caused a riot as they were panicked as there was threat of invasion by the Scot’s and the epidemic 1349
28
What was the statue of labourers?
Prevented peasants from demanding higher wages
29
When was the renaissance?
1400-1700
30
When was the printing press invented? How did it help medicine?
1440 As ideas could now be spread around faster
31
Versailles?
Studied at Padua Anatomy was the best way to understand the body - carried out dissections Corrected 300 of galens mistakes
32
Paré
Barber surgeon Learned from being a surgeon in the army Ligatures to tie blood vessels
33
Harvey
Studied at Padua where he became a professor of anatomy Proved that blood flows around the body and the heart is a pump
34
What were Quacks?
dishonest medical pracitcioners
35
What were some new and traditional ways of treatment during The Renaissance?
Traditional: - Religious ways such as praying, pilgrimages and giving money to the Church. - Wise women - Herbal remedies - Astrology - Quackery New approaches: - More new hospitals. Hospitals began to treat the sick rather than just give them hospitality. - Towns now had pharmacies - New herbs and ingredients from around the world. - Books on medicine
36
What was the theory behind the royal touch?
That the touch of a royal (particularly the king) could cure certain diseases such as scrofula.
37
What would some Quacks do?
They would sell their own medicine, which they would claim to prevent cure or disease but in reality, they knew it had no effect.
38
What did James Lind carry out and when?
What did James Lind carry out and whe
39
What did James Lind discover?
The disease scurvy could be cured by eating fresh fruit and vegetables.
40
When did The Great Plague return to England?
1665
41
What were some beliefs about the causes of The Great Plague?
- They still believed it was a punishment from God. - Miasma - However, this time people noticed those living in the poorer and dirtier areas were worst affected.
42
What were some preventative measures for The Great Plague?
- Trade with affected towns was stopped - Infected houses were locked up - Plague doctors wore special suits with sweet smelling herbs and amulets to ward off evil spirits.
43
What were some treatments of The Great Plague?
Balancing the humours by leeching. Sniffing sponges soaked in vinegar Burning herbs to banish foul air.
44
What were The Lord Mayer's Orders?
People employed to kill stray cats and dogs. Plague graves at least 6ft deep and no gathering around them. Searchers to identify houses where people had died of the plague. Two watchmen to one infected house just watching to stop people going in or out.
45
How did Florence Nightingale help bring change to hospitals?
As she saw many deaths in military hospitals during the Crimean War, so she challenged methods set up Britan's first nurse training school.
46
How did Florence Nightingale help bring change to hospitals?
As she saw many deaths in military hospitals during the Crimean War, so she challenged methods set up Britan's first nurse training school.
47
How did Florence Nightingale help bring change to hospitals?
As she saw many deaths in military hospitals during the Crimean War, so she challenged methods set up Britan's first nurse training school.
48
When did Jenner test his theory on smallpox and what did he do?
1796 He inserted pus taken from the cowpox pustule of a milkmaid and put it in a cut in a young boy's arm. Then, he was exposed to smallpox and became immune.
49
When did Jenners idea finally get published?
1798
50
Why were some people unwilling to accept Jenner's ideas?
As people who charged to provide inoculations were worried they'd loose income. Smallpox is a punishment from God and should just be accepted.
51
what did Pasteur discover in the 19th century
that germs caused disease. germ theory.
52
what was spontaneous generation
doctors thought that disease caused bacteria and disease randomly came
53
according to germ theory, what killed germs
heat
54
what did koch do
specific bacteria cause specific diseases used experiments to prove the germ bacillus anthracis caused antherax
55
how did Koch make his discovery
took bacillus from a sheep which had died of it and injected it in a mouse and then he saw the mouse also the disease later on, he discovered this caused tuberculosis he also discovered cholera
56
how did Pasteur find a way to make vaccines and when
1879 he studied chicken cholera. him and his partner experimented by injecting chickens with an old culture bacteria in the lab. the chickens were ill but didn't die because thy had become immune to the disease. this lead them to discover that weak forms of disease could help people develop immunity to that disease. 1881 - Pasteur began experimenting with anthrax 1885 - experimenting with vaccine for rabies
57
how did Pasteur test his vaccine
he injected it into a young boy bitten with an animal infected by rabies. the boy survived.
58
what did ehrlich discover
magic bullets.
59
how did ehrlich make his discovery
dyeing microorganisms so he could see them better under a microscope as he thought if he could attach a chemical to germs to stain them he could find chemicals that would kill them. he called these chemicals magic bullets. in 1909, he found Salvarsan, a cure for syphilis (which affected many people)
60
significance of Ehrlichs work
1914 - he discovered magic bullets to cure syphilis, malaria and sleeping sickness work formed the foundation of the modern pharmaceutical industry. influenced other doctors to stop trying to find drugs to treat the symptoms of disease but to actually kill the disease
61
significance of kochs work
he identified bacteria for anthrax, septicaemia, tuberculosis and cholera his identifications led others to identify different diseases such as pneumonia and the plague his assistant developed the Petri dish so bacteria could be observed more easily made Ehrlichs magic bullets possible
62
compare beliefs from the 19th century to the 20th century regarding disease
19th: miasma spontaneous generation imbalance of humours religious causes 20th: beliefs started to include germs but still contained the above
63
how did treatments available change
surgery became safer due to lister cleaner hospitals developments in microscopes meant that diseases could be identified easier and quicker and treated more effectively vaccinations grew in popularity and some immunisations were mandatory for soldiers in ww1.
64
who pioneered modern anaesthetics
James simpson
65
what did Simpson discover
the use of chloroform as anaesthetics.
66
what helped anaesthetics become accepted
the use of them by people such as queen Victoria
67
what did lister discover and when
1865 he began using carbolic acid on surgical instruments to cover wounds. this drastically reduced deaths among his patients.
68
how did nightingale have an impact on medicine/ surgery
she set up a nursing school in britian 1854 - she began to influence the standards of cleaning hospitals 1863 - published a book called 'notes on hospitals' which outlined the importance of cleanliness in hospitals
69
what is the difference between aseptic and antiseptic surgery
aseptic surgery is where germs are prevented getting near patients
70
how did Pasteurs germ theory have an effect on listers work
after he read it, he began to use carbolic avid to cover wounds and spray instruments to keep them clean. he also insisted on washing hands in surgery. his ideas were taken on by many surgeons
71
during the industrial revolution what epidemics kept killing people
influenza cholera typhus typhoid smallpox
72
compare the similarities between 19th century public health and medieval public health
similarities: many people lived close together so disease spread faster no systems of getting rid of waste, it was left in the street and contaminated the water supply people didn't understand the importance of clean water both times the government did not do anything to help (laissez-faire).
73
when did cholera arrive in britian
1831
74
what forced the government to take action on healthcare in the industrial revolution
the cholera outbreak in 1848
75
importance of John snow
1854 he worked out cholera was caused by contaminated water by recording deaths from the disease and showing they were centred around the broad street pump this reinforced the idea of germ theory
76
importance of Joseph bazalgette
1858 he engineered a huge network of sewers to move waste through massive pipes under the city and out to the tidal parts of the river thames. this was to help with the great stink which was all the smell of untreated human waste in the river thames
77
importance of Edwin chadwick
he wrote a report on the living conditions of the poor. he made a direct link between poor living conditions and disease. as a result of this, the government introduced the 1848 public health act.
78
importance of William farr
he pioneered the idea of medical statistics. he set up a system of recording the causes of deaths which meant people could better understand the public health problems that led to people dying. he helped snow prove cholera came from water
79
what attitude did the government have towards public health before the 18th century and what caused it to change
before they had a laissez-faire attitude they had to change this due to: epidemics - people demanding action after cholera in 1847 extension - more people voting meant that more people put pressure on the government
80
describe the first public health act and when was it
1848 created a central board of health and encouraged people setting up local boards of health
81
describe the second public health act and when was it
1875 local authorities were now forced to appoint medical officers to oversee public health. local inspectors would stop contaminated food from getting into food chain local authorities now required to arrange for sewers to be maintained and supply fresh water and rubbish collectors
82
describe how penicillin was discovered
1928 - Fleming finds a Petri dish wish mould growing on it and realises that the mould killed some bacteria around it. he figured out which bacteria the penicillin mould could kill. 1938 - Florey and chain discover a method of purifying and producing penicillin 1940 - Florey and chain use mice to test penicillin. 1941 - Florey and chain turn their lab at Oxford into a penicillin factory. Florey seeks assistance in the US and the US government sees potential and funds them. 1943 - Florey uses small doses to treat soldiers' war wounds in Africa. lives were saved. 1945 - Rousseau develops a mass production method and it was 650b doses in 1945
83
factors in the development of penicillin
luck war role of the individual government
84
give examples of alternative medicine and treatments today
acupuncture hypnotherapy herbal medicine
85
name some big developments in surgery in the 20th century
plastic surgery blood transfusions x rays plastic surgery
86
x-rays
discovered by roentgen in 1895 radiation therapy using x-ray for cancer in 1901 they became popular with doctors in ww1
87
blood transfusion
had been attempted in 1600s but the discovery of blood groups in 1901 by Landsteiner paved the way for people to work on blood transfusions
88
how did ww1 have an impact on surgery
new developments in neurosurgery and orthopaedic surgery
89
what did Charles booth do
produced a report on poverty among the working classes of London in 1892 called 'life and the Labour of the people in London. 30% of London lived in poverty and the poor are not to blame for their conditions
90
what did seebohn rowntree do
worked with booth on the study of poverty and in that they used statistics to prove poverty was not unique to London.
91
how did the second Boer war help to push the idea of public health
as many young British men volunteered to fight but so many were not fit enough to fight as they didn't pass any medical tests (1/3 of them). worries if Britain was in a bigger war there wouldn't be enough soldiers too fight in it. so the government had to do something
92
national insurance act
1911 gave people sickness benefit, maternity benefits and free medical treatment (up to a limit) unemployment benefit to people who lost jobs
93
name 2 social reforms in the 1900s as a result of the second Boer war
1906 children's charter - free school meals 1907 children's charter - free medical checkups in schoo 1908 old age pensions
94
beverage report
1942 during ww2, he published the beverage report which said Britain needed a proper welfare system which would be: available to all at the point of need comprehensive paid for by ppl and their wages
95
nhs
set up in 1948 by bevan
96
nhs
set up in 1948 by bevan

History (5 decks)

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