Medicinal Chemistry: Penicillin, Opiates, Antiviral Medication, Stomach pH reg

Question 1

How is aspirin made from natural world?

What is this process called?

Answer 1

Salicylic acid reacts with Acetic Anhydride to produce Aspirin
Catalyst: Acid
Process: Esterification

Question 2

How do you purify an aspirin sample?

Answer 2

Process name: Recrystallisation
How it works:
- Dissolve crystals in ethanol
- Add water
- Cool on ice until they recrystallise
- Filter
- Repeat
Note: An impure sample has a lower melting point as it has a disturbed structure

Question 3

What infections can penicillin stop?

How is penicillin made?

Answer 3

Non-bacterial infections

Made by: growing FUNGI under stressed conditions

Question 4

What is the important part of penicillin that makes it work. What does it do?

Answer 4

Beta-lactam ring.

Question 5

How do you change the properties of penicillin? What are these properties?

Answer 5

You change the side chain

Properties: polarity, solubility

Question 6

How does Pen work?

Answer 6

the beta lactam ring breaks the enzyme needed to make cell walls, rupturing cells. Animal cells don’t have cell walls, and are as such safe.

Question 7

What is penicillin resistance?

How is it countered?

Answer 7

Resistance: Bacteria can make penicillinase, or B-lactamase, that break the B-lactam ring. This nullifies the penicillin

Solving it: We change the side chain(R-group)