Medicinal Chemistry Flashcards
drug
any chemical that affects the body
bioavailability
how much a drug reaches its target in the body
effective dose
the minimum amount required for the therapeutic effect for 50% of the population
toxic dose
the amount causing unacceptable effects for 50% of the population
therapeutic index
the ratio of the toxic dose to the effective dose for humans. the ratio of the lethal dose to the effective dose for animals – the larger the window, the better
How is aspirin made?
salicin –> salicylic acid –> aspirin. for the second arrow, an acid catalyst is needed (ex. ethanoic anhydride ) – there is more detail about this I need to add
Aspirin
mild analgesic that intercepts pain stimulus at the source
Side effects of aspirin
reduces blood clotting, which can be used against stroke and heart attacks. It can cause irritation/ulceration in the stomach & intestines, liver/brain disorders in children, and allergies. It also shows synergy when taken with alcohol.
Penicillin
antibiotics produced by fungi, cyclic amide ( beta-lactam 4-membered ring ), that reacts with bacterial enzyme transpeptidase, inactivating it, and interfering w/ bacterial cell wall synthesis
opiates
natural narcotic analgesics derived from the opium poppy that intercept the pain response of humans before the perception of pain is received
narcotic effects
influences mood and behaviour
side effects of opiates
the feeling of contentment, addiction/dependence, constipation, cough suppression, pupil constriction
features of addiction
withdrawal symptoms – craving, sweat/chills, anxiety, irritability, muscle aches, increased heart rate, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
what features of a drug molecule make it easier for it to cross the blood-brain barrier
less polar molecules, hydrophobic molecules. Large hydrophilic molecules cannot easily cross barriers.
codeine
an opioid pain reliever used to treat mild to moderately severe pain. less effective than morphine as it binds more weakly to opioid receptors in the brain
morphine
used to treat severe pain. Esterification of morphine makes diamorphine ( heroin ) and etherification of morphine makes codeine
diamorphine
narcotic analgesics used in the treatment of severe pain (heroin)
buffer
mixture of a weak acid and one of its salts or a weak base and one of its salts that resists changes in pH due to small amounts of added acid or alkali
What happens when there is excess stomach acid?
It can lead to indigestion and ulceration
histamine
hormone that produces acid production in the stomach
What are the 4 different methods to reduce acid production?
- block histamine receptors
- inhibiting the release of acid from parietal cells using the enzyme H+/K+ ATPase
- using a proton pump inhibitor
- neutralizing the acid with a base
omeprazole
treat excess acid in the stomach. proton pump inhibitor
What are the typical bases used to neutralize the acid?
Ca(OH)2, Mg(OH)2, Al(OH)3, NaHCO3, Na2CO3
How do antiviral drugs work?
Either alter the cell host genetic material so the virus cannot use the cells to multiply or block the neuraminidase enzyme activity within the host cell
Virus
small making it difficult to target w/ drugs, contains DNA or RNA, simple w/ nuclear material & protein coat, only replicates by taking over the host cell, has rapid multiplication & genetic mutation
What is the life cycle of a virus?
1) The virus attaches to the surface of the host cell
2) viral DNA/RNA enters the host cell
3) viral DNA/RNA replicates and new viral protein is formed
4) new viral particles are assembled
5) host cell burst releasing new virus
Oseltamivir
antiviral medication is used to treat infections caused by viruses. It is a neuraminidase inhibitor made from shikimic acid, found in star anise
Zanamivir
antiviral medication is used to prevent and treat infections caused by influenza. it is a neuraminidase inhibitor
AIDS
acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a chronic condition caused by HIV
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) attacks the body’s immune system and affects the white blood cells. It is a retrovirus containing RNA which is difficult to treat, mutates rapidly, and can lay dormant for long periods of time.
How to treat HIV and AIDS?
use antiretroviral drugs. it will suppress the virus but cannot eliminate it.
What is the largest waste product of the pharmaceutical industry?
Solvent – any substance that is capable of dissolving one or several substances
Which solvents are best to use in terms of environmental impact?
low toxicity, safe to use, does not harm the environment when released or burned
Good solvents
ethanol, water, carbon dioxide
Bad solvents
tetrachloromethane, benzene
Chlorinated solvents
industrial chemicals that are useful in organic synthesis – low reactivity, good solubility properties, but damage the ozone layer, cause organ damage, and release toxic compounds
levels of waste
high-level waste – releases high levels of ionizing radiation for a long time
low-level waste – releases low levels of ionizing radiation for a short time
antibiotic resistance
caused by widespread use of antibiotics which creates bacterial superbugs resistant to antibiotics
antibiotics
medicines that fight bacterial infections in people and animals
