Medications (Exam 2)

Question 1

Furosemide (Lasix); Loop Diuretic

Answer 1

-Strongest diuretic. Used for emergencies.
-Fluid overload, heart failure, pulmonary edema
-Given all ways (IV, IM, Oral)

Question 2

Thiazide (HTC)

Answer 2

-More gentle than Furosemide.
-Primarily for HTN.
- Oral

Question 3

Potassium-sparing (Spironolactone)

Answer 3

-Good diuretic for people with HYPOKALEMIA
-Don’t give to pt’s with HYPERkalemia
-Usually used in combo.
-Heart failure, HTN, edema
-Delayed
- Oral

Question 4

Osmotic (Mannitol)

Answer 4

-Good for intracranial pressure.
-Creates osmotic force.

Question 5

Diltiazem (CALC CHANNEL BLOCKER) #2

Answer 5

-Dilates coronary arteries.
-Relaxes smooth muscle; Reduce HR/contractility.
-DECREASE BP RAPIDLY; CAN CAUSE ORTHO HYPO!
-Oral, ER
-Inhibit movement of Ca+ ions across membranes.
-Issues: heart block, bradycardia, orthostatic HTN, peripheral edema

Question 6

Captopril (ACE inhibitor) - THE “PRILS”

Answer 6

-Oral
-Block angio-converting enzyme
-Lowers blood pressure, increase vasodilation (2) and CO
-Adverse: no preg, renal issues, hypoten, dry cough, hyperkalemia.

Question 7

Losartan (AngioRecBlockers ARBs): “-SARTAN”

Answer 7

-Oral
-Blocks action of Angio 2
-Same action as the latter
-does not cause cough or hyperkalemia
-Issues: renal issues, no preg
-Can be combined

Question 8

Aliskiren (Direct Renin Inhibitor)

Answer 8

• HTN ONLY!
  -It can be combined with other HTN medications
  -Issues: angioedema, hyperkal, fetal injury

Question 9

Beta-adrenergic blockers (beta sympatholytics): The “LOL’s”

Answer 9

-Atenolol - selective
-Propranolol - nonselective
-Labetalol - nonselective

-In general: decrease HR, decrease contractility; vasodilation.
-Similar to CB

Indications: used for HTN!!, angina/MI

Adverse: bradycardia, dizziness, bronchospasm
- P & L ARE NOT SAFE FOR ASTHMA

Question 10

Vasodilators

Answer 10

Can cause reflex tachycardia, POSTURAL HYPOTENSION, either dilates arterioles, veins, or BOTH.

Clonidine: Alpha2 agonists

Nitroprusside
-The most potent & fastest vasodilator.
-Used in HTN crises.
-IV infusion.
-Problems: CNS issues.

-Nitroglycerine (releives ischemic pain)

Question 11

Heart Medications

Answer 11

Nitroglycerine:
-Vasodilator to relieve ischemic pain
-Decrease oxy demand!!!
-Sublingually - 3 doses, 5 min apart
- If 3 doses don’t work, call 911 immediately!!!

Aspirin:
-Decrease platelet activation & aggregation
-Blood thinner

Metoprolol:
-Decreases HR, BP, contractility, cardiac output & resistance! (and strength).
-Reduce oxygen demand & ischemic pain.

Question 12

Warfarin

Answer 12

-Given oral
-Vit K antagonist
-Prevents production of clotting factors (from Vit K)
-Vit K is an antidote of warfarin toxicity

Question 13

Heparin

Answer 13

-Prevention of clot progression
-SubQ and IV admin (con’t)

Question 14

Enoxaparin

Answer 14

-SubQ
-Pregnant women can use this

Question 15

Clopidogrel (antiplatelet)

Answer 15

-Inhibit platelet aggregation
-Prevents MI’s and strokes
-Used in combo with aspirin
-Used for CAD

Question 16

Thrombolytics: tPA

Answer 16

-DEGRADES CLOTS THAT FORMED ALREADY
-clot dissolution

Question 17

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (Statins): Atorvastatin (STATIN) - Dyslipidemia

Answer 17

-Remove more LDL’s from blood
-Oral
-Could raise LDL levels (just so it excretes)
-Serious adverse effects: Hepatotoxicity, DM, Cataracts, Memory loss

Question 18

Dyslipidemia Drugs (other)

Answer 18

-Fibric acid derivatives: Gemfibrozil
Decrease triglycerides by lowering VLDL’s
Adverse: GI problems, rash, liver injury, gallstones

-Cholesterol absorption inhibitors: Ezetimibe
Lowers plasma cholesterol
Increased risk of liver toxicity & myopathy

-Bile sequestrants: Colesevelam
Prevent absorption, promote excretion of lipids

-Omega-3 acid ethyl esters
Concentrated Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Lowers triglyceride levels

Question 19

Erythropoiesis stimulating agents: Epoetin alpha

Answer 19

-Treatment of anemia associated with chronic renal failure
-Stimulate RBC production in bone marrow
-SubQ injection
-Adverse: headache, fatigue, edema, chest pain