Medications/drops (mostly Q2)

Question 1

How do cholinergic antagonists affect the pupil?

Answer 1

block parasympathetic innervation and so stop pupillary sphincter and ciliary muscle, causing a decrease in constriction, or increase in dilation

Question 2

How do adrenergic agonists affect the pupil?

Answer 2

stimulate the sympathetic innervation causing increased contraction of the dilator muscle

Question 3

What are some cholinergic antagonist eye drops?

Answer 3

scopolamine, tropicamide, atropine, cyclopentolate, homatropine

Question 4

What are some examples of adrenergic agonist eye drops?

Answer 4

epinephrine, phenylephrine

Question 5

What is an example of an adrenergic antagonist eye drop and how does it function?

Answer 5

dapiprazole - prevents NE from activating the dilator muscle, inhibits dilation (inhibits sympathetic innervation)

Question 6

What is an example of a cholinergic agonist and how does it function?

Answer 6

pilocarpine - stimulates sphincter to constrict pupil (stimulates the parasympathetic innervation)
pilocarpine’s action also increases the outflow of aqueous through the trabecular meshwork and was once used as a glaucoma drop

Question 7

How does a Rho Kinase Inhibitor drop function in glaucoma management?*

Answer 7

these drops increase aqueous outflow through the trabecular meshwork reducing structural damage and decrease the episcleral venous pressure (vasodilatory) also decrease the aqueous production

Question 8

Brimonidine and apraclonidine are examples of what type of glaucoma drop?

Answer 8

alpha-adrenergic agonists

Question 9

How do alpha-adrenergic agonists help decrease IOP?

Answer 9

these drops decrease aqueous production by interfering with ciliary epithelial function (sympathetic innervation)

Question 10

timolol, metipranolol, carteolol, levobunolol, betaxolol are all examples of what type of IOP-lowering drop?

Answer 10

beta-blockers

Question 11

How do beta-blockers function to lower IOP?

Answer 11

these drops decrease production of aqueous by blocking the beta stimulation (sympathetic innervation)

Question 12

dorzolamide, brinzolamide, acetazolomide are all examples of what type of IOP-lowering drop?

Answer 12

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Question 13

How do CAIs help to lower IOP?

Answer 13

these drops reduce production of aqueous by inhibiting the enzymes necessary for ionic transport across the epithelial layers of the ciliary processes

Question 14

bimatoprost, travoprost, latanoprost, latanoprostene, tafluprost are all examples of what kind of glaucoma drop?

Answer 14

prostaglandin analogues

Question 15

How do prostaglandin analogues help to reduce IOP?

Answer 15

these drops increase aqueous outflow through the uveoscleral pathway, relaxing ciliary muscle tone