Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Ocular Anatomy > Adnexa and Skull > Flashcards

Adnexa and Skull Flashcards

1
Q

telecanthus

A

an abnormally increased distance between the medial canthi of the eyelids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

poliosis

A

whitening of the eyelashes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

madarosis

A

loss of eyelashes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

trichiasis

A

turning inward of the eyelashes, often secondary to entropion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

phthiriasis palpebrarum

A

infection of the eyelashes caused by Phthirus pubis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

epicanthus

A

vertical fold of skin at inner corner, may give appearance of crossed eyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

exophthalmos/proptosis

A

protrusion of the globe, can be caused by inflammation, tumours, edema, injuries, thyroid ophthalmopathy (Graves disease)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

enophthalmos

A

sinking in of the globe, after trauma, reconstruction surgery x10% risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

the eyelid is vascularized by?

A

facial artery and infraorbital (external carotid) and also internal carotid through the ophthalmic a -> medial palpebral and then lacrimal a -> lateral palpebral artery with medial palpebral form palpebral arcades

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

lagophthalmos

A

incomplete closure of the eyelids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

periorbita

A

dense connective tissue covering the bones of the orbit, attachment site, projects anteriorly to become the orbital septum and posteriorly to fuse with the dura of the optic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

orbital fat

A

in upper lid: large and central and medial fat pad separated by trochlea
in lower lid: 3 compartments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

orbital septum

A

thin, membranous sheet that acts as the anterior boundary of the orbit, strong, prevents facial infections from entering the orbit, holds orbital fat in its place
continuous with the periorbita and periosteum of the skull, attaches medially to the posterior lacrimal crest (lacrimal sac is anterior to the septum therefore the septum does not protect the lacrimal sac from infection), superior orbital septum also serves as the insertion site for the levator aponeurosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

tenon’s capsule (fascia bulbi)

A

thin, sheet of dense connective tissue that encases the globe, protects and supports, muscles go through it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

suspensory ligament (of Lockwood)

A

part of bulbar sheath, “hammock” that runs below globe, keeps the eye from displacing downward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

palpebral ligaments

A

dense bands, connect tarsal plate to the orbital rim

medial ligament attaches to the lacrimal crest and the lateral ligament attaches to the lateral orbital tubercle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the main forehead muscles involved in facial expression?

A

corrugator supercilli muscles (two heads), frontalis muscle, and procerus muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Horner muscle (a.k.a. pars lacrimalis)

A

branch of the pretarsal palpebral portion of the orbicularis oculi, encircles canaliculi and helps with tear drainage into the lacrimal sac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the two main portions of the orbicularis oculi?

A

orbital portion - attaches to the orbital margins and extends outward, used for forced closure of the eyelids
palpebral portion - used for spontaneous and reflex blinking, includes the muscles of Riolan and Horner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

muscle of Riolan (a.k.a. pars ciliaris, or gray line)

A

terminal extension of orbicularis oculi, keeps the lid margin tightly on the globe, may contribute to rotating the eyelashes towards the eye on eyelid closure. the gray line is between the eyelash insertions and the meibomian glands, dividing the lid into anterior and posterior and is used as a landmark during sx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

ectropion

A

lower lid droops away from the globe, can be caused by the paralysis of the orbicularis muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Meibomian glands

A

large sebaceous glands, embedded in tarsal plate posterior to the eyelash follicles, make lipid layer of the tears

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

glands of Zeis

A

modified sebaceous glands, secrete sebum into hair follicle of eyelashes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

glands of Moll

A

modified apocrine sweat glands located near lid margin, empty contents onto eyelash follicles, Zeis glands, and the lid margin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

accessory lacrimal glands of Krause and Wolfring

A

produce tears (aqueous layer), located in the fornices of the conjunctiva (Krause) and in the tarsal conjunctiva (Wolfring)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

plica semilunaris

A

fold of conjunctiva in nasal corner of eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

papilla (of eyelid)

A

raised area on nasal lid containing the punctum, responsible for keeping the puncta open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

margin reflex distance

A

measured from corneal light reflex to the lid, MRD1 is the top part and MRD2 is the bottom half, together makeup the interpalpebral fissure (IPF) which is on average 9-12mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

superior levator palpebral muscle (LPS - levator palpebrae superioris)

A

main retractor of the upper lid, originates from the lesser wing of the sphenoid, innervated by CNIII, joins to Whitnall’s ligament anteriorly and then to fibrous levator aponeurosis (fan-shaped tendon) which becomes contiguous with orbital septum and reaches to the tarsal plate (also forms the superior palpebral furrow)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Whitnall’s ligament

A

superior transverse ligament on the zygomatic bone that serves as a fulcrum and changes the course of the LPS muscle from anterior-posterior to superior-inferior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

levator aponeurosis

A

ligament of the LPS, fan-shaped, extends into the eyelid anteriorly through the orbital septum to attach to the anterior surface of the tarsal plate (forms the superior palpebral furrow), lateral horn of aponeurosis travels across the lacrimal gland and attaches to Whitnall’s ligament, the medial horn merges with the medial palpebral ligament.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

reflex blinking

A

responds to somatosensory (CNV), sound (CNVIII), light (CNII)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

superior palpebral furrow/sulcus

A

formed by the insertion of the levator aponeurosis into the skin of the upper eyelid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

inferior palpebral furrow/sulcus

A

formed by the indirect attachment of the inferior rectus muscle into the skin of the lower eyelid, separates the tarsal and orbital portions of the eyelid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

muscle of Muller (a.k.a. superior tarsal muscle)

A

widens the palpebral fissure by providing 1-3mm of upper eyelid lift (minor retractor), smooth muscle (a2 receptor/sympathetic NS - reason for ptosis in Horner’s syndrome), originates on the levator and extends into the tarsal plate

36
Q

inferior tarsal muscle

A

originates from the facial sheath of the inferior rectus and extends into the tarsal plate, provides minor lower lid retraction, innervated by sympathetic NS

37
Q

which nerves lead to the opening and then the closing of the eye?

A

CNIII opens the eye, CNVII closes the eye

38
Q

tarsal plate

A

dense irregular connective tissue that provides rigidity to the eyelids, composed of horizontal and vertical collagen fibrils that surround the meibomian glands

39
Q

palpebral conjunctiva

A

contains goblet cells, stroma (substantia propria/submucosa) contains a superficial lymphoid layer and a deep fibrous layer

40
Q

what does the superficial lymphoid layer of the palpebral conjunctiva contain?

A

very immunologically active layer, contains IgA, macrophages, mast cells, PMNs, and eosinophils

41
Q

goblet cells

A

in the conjunctiva, (temporal bulbar and inferonasal fornix most predominant location), produces the mucin layer of the tear film

42
Q

Which glands in the eyelid are holocrine, apocrine, or merocrine?

A

holocrine - meibomian glands, glands of Zeis
apocrine - glands of Moll and goblet cells
merocrine - accessory lacrimal glands

43
Q

Which vitamin deficiency is associated with a loss of goblet cells?

A

Vitamin A deficiency involves loss of goblet cells and keratinization of the conjunctiva

44
Q

palisades of Vogt

A

fibrovascular ridges perpendicular to the corneal margin more prominent on top and bottom, contain corneal stem cells, undulations increase surface area, melanocytes protect limbal stem cells from UV damage

45
Q

What are the nerves of the eyelid, voluntary motor, involuntary motor, and sensory?

A

voluntary motor - zygomatic branch of CNVII, innervates the orbicularis oculi
involuntary motor - sympathetic NS innervates the muscle of Muller
sensory - different branches of CNV: upper lid is from the frontal (supraorbital and supratrochlear) and lacrimal branches of V1, and the lower lid is from the infraorbital and zygomaticofacial branches of V2

46
Q

what artery supplies the bulbar conjunctiva and ciliary body?

A

anterior ciliary arteries (affected in uveitis -> circumlimbal injection), make up MACI, two for each recti muscle except LR (makes LR more susceptible to ischemia)

47
Q

where does conjunctival lymphatics drain to?

A

laterally to the parotid (preauricular) lymph nodes and medially to the submandibular lymph nodes

48
Q

frontalis

A

main elevator of the eyebrows and forehead, often used to compensate for a ptosis, innervated by CNVII

49
Q

corrugator

A

medial depressor of the eybrow (look of concentration), innervated by CNVII

50
Q

procerus

A

medial depressor of the eyebrow (look of menace/aggression), innervated by CNVII

51
Q

orbicularis oculi

A

primary lateral depressor of the eyebrow, innervated by CNVII, has an orbital portion and a palpebral portion, closes eye (main protractor)

52
Q

optic canal

A

located in the lesser wing of sphenoid and contains the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery

53
Q

greater wing of sphenoid

A

connects with zygomatic bone to form the lateral wall of the orbit, also contains foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, and foramen spinosum

54
Q

foramen rotundum

A

passage for the maxillary division (V2) of the trigeminal nerve

55
Q

foramen ovale

A

passage for the mandibular division (V3) of the trigeminal nerve and the lesser superficial petrosal nerve

56
Q

foramen spinosum

A

passage for the middle meningeal artery

57
Q

superior orbital fissure

A

opening between the greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid bone - located between the posterior lateral wall and the superior wall of the orbit, common tendinous ring lies just anterior to the SOF

58
Q

cavernous sinus

A

lies posterior to the SOF within each eye and travels on the sides of the sphenoid body

59
Q

common tendinous ring (a.k.a. annulus of Zinn)

A

a circular band of connective tissue that lies just anterior to the SOF and serves as the origin of the recti muscles.
nasociliary nerve (branch of V1), oculomotor nerve (CNIII), abducens nerve (CNVI), and the sympathetic root of the ciliary ganglion (travels with nasociliary nerve) all go through the CTR and the SOF (acronym NOA)

60
Q

which structures pass through the SOF but above the CTR?

A

superior ophthalmic vein, frontal nerve, lacrimal nerve, and the trochlear nerve

“LFT”

61
Q

what goes through the optic canal (optic foramen)?

A

optic nerve (CNII) and ophthalmic artery

(optic canal goes through the lesser wing of sphenoid)

62
Q

what goes through the carotid canal?

A

internal carotid artery and the sympathetic plexus

63
Q

what goes through the supraorbital foramen?

A

supraorbital nerve (V1) and vessels (supra-orbital artery and vein)

64
Q

what goes through the infraorbital foramen?

A

infraorbital nerve (V2) and vessels (infraorbital artery and vein)

65
Q

what goes through the mandibular foramen?

A

inferior alveolar nerve and vessel

66
Q

what goes through the stylomastoid foramen?

A

facial nerve (CNVII)

67
Q

what bones make up the roof of the orbit?

A

2: frontal bone and lesser wing of sphenoid (Front-Less)

68
Q

what bones make up the floor of the orbit?

A

3: maxillary, palatine, and zygomatic bones (My Pal gets his Zzzz’s on the floor)

69
Q

what bones make up the lateral wall of the orbit

A

2: zygomatic and greater wing of sphenoid (the Great Z)

70
Q

what bones make up the medial wall of the orbit

A

4: body of sphenoid, maxillary, ethmoid, lacrimal (SMEL)

71
Q

which wall of the orbit is the weakest?

A

the floor

72
Q

which wall of the orbit is the thinnest

A

medial wall

73
Q

which wall of the orbit is the strongest?

A

lateral wall

74
Q

caruncle

A

a hybrid of conjunctiva and skin that contains sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and goblet cells and is located on the medial side of the plica semilunaris

75
Q

what innervation does the lacrimal gland receive?

A

parasympathetic innervation from the lacrimal nerve of the pterygopalatine ganglion of CNVII

76
Q

what is the function of the lacrimal gland?

A

parasympathetic stimulation causes secretion of the aqueous layer of the tears

77
Q

acute dacryoadenitis

A

an infection and/or inflammation of the lacrimal gland, can result in acute swelling and discomfort in the upper lateral eyelid

78
Q

how long are the canaliculi?

A

10mm = runs 2mm vertically and then 8mm horizontally before joining into the common canaliculi that enters the lacrimal sac

79
Q

the lacrimal sac

A

10-12mm long, lined with double epithelium with microvilli and goblet cells, continuous with the nasolacrimal duct
in between the posterior lacrimal crest of lacrimal bone and the anterior lacrimal crest of the maxilla

80
Q

is the orbital septum anterior or posterior to the lacrimal sac?

A

posterior! the lacrimal sac is not protected by the orbital septum and so is more susceptible to infections

81
Q

dacryocystitis

A

an infection of the lacrimal sac, usually occurs as a result of nasolacrimal duct obstruction (in kids)

82
Q

how long is the nasolacrimal duct?

A

15mm, lies adjacent to the maxillary sinus

83
Q

what is the name of the valve located at the end of the nasolacrimal duct?

A

Valve of Hasner

84
Q

what are the two compartments for adipose tissue in the orbit relative to the EOMs?

A

intraconal - adipose tissue located WITHIN the muscle cone of the four recti muscles, serves to separate them from the optic nerve
extraconal - adipose tissue located OUTSIDE the muscle cone between the EOMs and the walls of the orbit

85
Q

What goes through the cavernous sinus?

A

CN3, 4, 6, V1, V2

(V3, and CN7 DO NOT)

Ocular Anatomy (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions