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Opthomology > Medications > Flashcards

Medications Flashcards

1
Q

What are two classes of mydriatics?

A

anticholinergics
direct-acting sympathomimetics

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2
Q

what drugs are anaesthetics?

A

proparacaine (duration- 20 min)
tetracaine (duration 30 min)
* tetracaine may sting when instilled

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3
Q

what are the clinical uses for anesthetics?

A

provide pain relief
anesthesia for intraocular pressure checks
anesthesia for surgical procedures (FB removal)
chronic use is toxic to cornea

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4
Q

what are the clinical uses of fluorescein?

A

corneal abrasion/ ulcers
IOP pressure check

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5
Q

What three medications are anticholinergic mydriatic drops?

A

atropine (7-14 days)
cyclopentolate (12 hours)
tropicamide (4-6 hours)

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6
Q

what is the mechanism of action of anticholinergic mydriatics?

A

paralysis of the iris sphincter by inhibition of parasympathetic innervation
cycloplegia by paralyzing the ciliary muscle (loss accommodation = blurred vision)

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7
Q

what are the clinical uses of anti-cholinergic mydriatics?

A

fundoscopic examination
treatment of uveitis for photophobia
cycloplegic refraction (peds)

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8
Q

complications of anti-cholinergic mydriatics?

A

complications are rare but
neurological problems (ataxia, confusion, psychosis)
anti-cholinergic effects (tachycardia, dry mouth, urinary retention, constipation)
can precipitate angle-closure glaucoma (rare)

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9
Q

which medication is a mydriatics- sympathomimetics?

A

phenylephrine

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10
Q

what is the mechanism of action of mydriatics- sympathomimetics?

A

stimulates iris dilator muscle (alpha -1 adrenergic)
NO cycloplegia (no paralysis of ciliary muscles)

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11
Q

what are clinical uses of sympathomimetics?

A

dilation

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12
Q

what are some complication of of sympathomimetics?

A

may elevate BP
use lower concentration in infants

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13
Q

for routine dilated exams which medication should be used? what about for kids?

A

phenylephrine (2.5%) and tropicamide (0.5% or 1%)
for kids use cyclopentolate (1%)

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14
Q

what are the two mechanisms to decrease IOP?

A

decrease aqueous prodcution
increase aqueous outflow

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15
Q

what beta blocker medications are used for glaucoma?

A

timolol (nonselective beta 1 and beta 2)
betaxolol (mainly blocks beta 1)

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16
Q

what is the mechanism of action of beta blocker medications for glaucoma?

A

reduce aqueous production

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17
Q

what are some complications of beta blocker medications for glaucoma?

A

arrhythmia, bradycardia, hypotension
asthma, bronchospasm
mask diabetic hypoglycemic response!

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18
Q

which medication is Alpha- 2 agonists? and what is the mechanism of action?

A

brimonidine (alphagan)
reduce aqueous production

19
Q

complications alpha 2- agonist?

A

AVOID in children <4 years- apnea
headache
fatigue, muscle pains
dry nose and dry mouth
follicular conjunctivitis

20
Q

What medication is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAI)

A

Dorzolamide
brinzolamide

21
Q

what is the mechanism of action of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?

A

reduce aqueous production

22
Q

what are complications of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?

A

ocular burning
bitter taste
consider sulfa allergies

23
Q

what medications for glaucoma are prostaglandins?

A

latanoprost
bimatoprost
travoprost

24
Q

what is the mechanism of action of medications for glaucoma that are prostaglandins?

A

increase aqueous outflow

25
Q

what are some complications to be aware of for prostaglandins?

A

ocular burning/redness
darkening of the iris
hypertrichosis- eyelash growth
orbital fat atrophy

26
Q

which medications are cholinergics for glaucoma?

A

pilocarpine

27
Q

what is the mechanism of action of pilocarpine (cholinergic medication of glaucoma)

A

increase aqueous outflow
induce miosis (stretches trabecular meshwork)

28
Q

What are some complications to be aware of for pilocarpine

A

brow ache
neurologic problems: confusion; tremor
parasympathetic effects: diarrhea, bradycardia, hypotension, bronchospasm
associated with higher rate of retinal detachment

29
Q

which medications are steroids?

A

prednisolone acetate
durezol
dexmethasone

30
Q

what is the mechanism of action of steroids?

A

decrease inflammation

31
Q

what are complications of steroid eye drops?

A

increased intraocular pressure
cataracts acceleration
exacerbation of viral (HSV) and/or bacterial infections
slows down healing
DON’T use if patient has corneal abrasion

32
Q

what medications are antibiotic eye drops?

A

bacitracin, bacitracin/polymixin
erythromycin, tobramycin, gentamicin
ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, ofloxacin, gatifloxacin

33
Q

what are clinical uses of antibiotic eyedrops?

A

corneal/ conjuctival/ eyelid infections
postoperative prophylaxis

34
Q

what are some clinical considerations to consider with antibiotics?

A

choice of ointment vs drops
* if contact lens wearer, NEED fluroquinolone for pseudomonas coverage

35
Q

what is the dosage of antibiotic eyedrops?

A

dosage is usually 4x/ day- but can be used up to hourly
combination antibiotic/steroids should be prescribed by an opthalmologist

36
Q

what medications are NSAIDs?

A

Diclofenac
ketorolac
nipafenac
bromfenac

37
Q

what are the clinical use of NSAIDS for eyedrops?

A

pain
inflammation
macular edema
pre/post operatively

38
Q

what are some clinical considerations for NSAIDs?

A

epithelial toxicity

39
Q

what can be used to treat MRSA?

A

Vancomycin, Daptomycin, ceftaroline

40
Q

What antibiotics can be used in community acquired MRSA?

A

TMP-Sulfa, doxycycline, clindamycin

41
Q

What antibiotics can be used to treat pseudomonas?

A

Ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, gentamycin, tobramycin
ceftazidime, cefepine, Aztreonam, zosyn (pip/tazo)

42
Q

what antibiotics are used for C-diff?

A

vancomycin
metronidazole

43
Q

What is the best antibiotic for a non-pregnant patient with an uncomplicated UTI

A

TMP- Sulfa

44
Q

Barrier to antibiotics that want to treat gram negative organisms

A

down-regulated porins
efflux pumps
and beta lactamase

Opthomology (4 decks)

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