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BNKN602 Exam > Medications > Flashcards

Medications Flashcards

1
Q

OXYGEN (02): Indications for use

A

Treatment of hypoxaemia by increasing alveolar oxygen tension. The aim is to achieve a normal or near-normal oxygen saturation for an individual patient

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2
Q

OXYGEN (02): Monitoring Requirements

A

SpO2, RR, PaO2, Arterial Blood Gas, colour of patient

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3
Q

OXYGEN (02): Patient Education

A

Include correct administration and use of oxygen delivery devices

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4
Q

OXYGEN (02): Adverse Effects

A

Toxicity with prolonged exposure to high O2 concentrations; decreased affinity of Haemoglobin for CO2 in CO2 retainers (Haldane effect)

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5
Q

OXYGEN (02): Precautions

A

Oxygen therapy devices should not be used near an open flame due to its’ high combustibility

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6
Q

OXYGEN (02): Pharmacodynamics

A

Oxygen therapy improves effective cellular oxygenation. It acts to restore normal cellular activity at the mitochondrial level and reduce metabolic acidosis

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7
Q

OXYGEN (02): Pharmacokinetics

A

Oxygen is largely inhaled into the alveoli and diffuses into the capillary bed. Oxygen combines with haemoglobin, with a small amount being dissolved in the plasma. Oxygen is metabolised in the tissues almost entirely in the mitochondria, where oxidative enzymes reduce the oxygen in the formation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Excretion of oxygen metabolites (CO2 and H2) is via the lung and renal system

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8
Q

SALBUTAMOL Short-acting adrenergic agonist (SABA): Indications for use

A

Bronchodilator - relief of symptoms during maintenance treatment of asthma and COPD; prevention or treatment of exercise/allergen induced bronchospasm

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9
Q

SALBUTAMOL Short-acting adrenergic agonist (SABA): Monitoring requirements:

A

Peak flow measurements before and after administration can help determine effectiveness

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10
Q

SALBUTAMOL Short-acting adrenergic agonist (SABA): Patient Education

A

Common side effects to expect, appropriate delivery of inhaler (including spacer, mouth care), Asthma and COPD action plans

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11
Q

SALBUTAMOL Short-acting adrenergic agonist (SABA): Adverse Effects

A

Tachycardia, headache, nervous tension, fine hand tremor, hypotension, hyper/hypokalaemia (which may cause weakness, fatigue, tremors, muscle spasm)

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12
Q

SALBUTAMOL Short-acting adrenergic agonist (SABA): Contra-indications

A

Caution with cardiovascular disease, diabetes and hypertension. The inhaler may contain lactose

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13
Q

SALBUTAMOL Short-acting adrenergic agonist (SABA): Pharmacodynamics

A

Salbutamol is a B2-adrenergic agonist and stimulates B2-adrenergic receptors. Binding to these receptors in the lungs results in relaxation of bronchial smooth muscles

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14
Q

SALBUTAMOL Short-acting adrenergic agonist (SABA): Pharmacokinetics

A

Onset by inhalation is rapid (5-15 mins). Peak effect reached in 1-2 hours. Metabolised in the liver and excreted in kidneys

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15
Q

GTN (Glyceryl Trinitrate Antianginal): Indications for use

A

Chest Pain/Angina

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16
Q

GTN (Glyceryl Trinitrate Antianginal): Monitoring Requirements

A

BP and HR

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17
Q

GTN (Glyceryl Trinitrate Antianginal): Patient Education

A

Sit down, Stand up slowly

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18
Q

GTN (Glyceryl Trinitrate Antianginal): Side Effects

A

Flushing, Headache, Dizziness, Dry mouth (rare)

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19
Q

GTN (Glyceryl Trinitrate Antianginal): Contra-indications

A

VIAGRA, ETOH (ethanol), HR <50

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20
Q

GTN (Glyceryl Trinitrate Antianginal): Pharmacodynamics

A

Antagonises NO receptors = relaxes smooth muscle. Dilates veins and arteries. Reduces BP

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21
Q

GTN (Glyceryl Trinitrate Antianginal): Pharmacokinetics

A

Sublingual, dermal, rapidly metabolised short duration

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22
Q

Morphine Sulfate: ADDITIONAL NAMES INCLUDE:

A

Morphine Sulfate (IV), Oxynorm, Sevredol, MS Contin

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23
Q

MORPHINE SULFATE: Indications for use

A

Analgesia/sedation

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24
Q

MORPHINE SULFATE: Monitoring Requirements

A

RR, BP, HR

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25
MORPHINE SULFATE: Patient education
Careful mobilising. Avoid ethanol and other opiates
26
MORPHINE SULFATE: Side Effects
Sedation, Dizziness, Nausea, constipation, hallucinations
27
MORPHINE SULFATE: Contra-Indications
Respiration rate, depression, severe asthma, acute abdomen pain, traumatic brain injury (TBI)
28
MORPHINE SULFATE: Pharmacodynamics
Opioid mu-receptor antagonist. Targets CNS opiate receptors. Depresses CNS, RR, GI. Vasodilation
29
MORPHINE SULFATE: Pharmacokinetics
Oral, IM, IV, Per rectum. Short half life
30
Low Dose Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid) NSAID: Indications for use
Anti-Platelet
31
Low Dose Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid) NSAID: Monitoring Requirements
Monitor for signs of increased bleeding, peptic ulcer disease
32
Low Dose Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid) NSAID: Patient Education
Do not take if you have a history of peptic ulcer disease, Asthma or uncontrolled high blood pressure, take with food
33
Low Dose Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid) NSAID: Common Adverse Effects
GI bleeding, Acute renal insufficiency
34
Low Dose Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid) NSAID: Contra-indications
Asthma, GI bleeding, peptic ulcer
35
Low Dose Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid) NSAID: Pharmacodynamics
Impedes clotting by blocking prostaglandin synthesis preventing formation of platelet-aggregating substance thromboxane A2 - works for lifespan of platelet
36
Low Dose Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid) NSAID: Pharmacokinetics
Oral, IV, per rectum. Rapidly absorbed, peak serum levels 60 minutes
37
Atorvastatin / Lipitor HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors: Indications for use
Reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke by lowering total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
38
Atorvastatin / Lipitor HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors: Monitoring Requirements
Liver Function
39
Atorvastatin / Lipitor HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors: Patient Education
Avoid grapefruit juice, Minimal alcohol, Can be taken at any time of the day - with or without food
40
Atorvastatin / Lipitor HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors: Common Side Effects
Dyspepsia, nausea, flatulence, diarrhoea, muscle pain, tenderness or weakness
41
Atorvastatin / Lipitor HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors: Contra-Indications
Avoid in pregnancy, care in liver disease
42
Atorvastatin / Lipitor HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors: Pharmacodynamics
Lowers plasma cholesterol and lipoprotein levels, the liver is the primary site of action
43
Atorvastatin / Lipitor HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors: Pharmacokinetics
Oral, Mean elimination half-life values range from 11 to 24 hours
44
METOPROLOL (beta blocker): Indications for Use
Hypertension, angina, heart failure, arrhythmias, post-myocardial infarction, migraine prophylaxis
45
METOPROLOL (beta blocker): Monitoring Requirements
BP and HR
46
METOPROLOL (beta blocker): Patient Education
Do not stop abruptly, modified release tablets can be halved or swallowed whole with a glass of water. Do not crush or chew
47
METOPROLOL (beta blocker): Side Effects
Dizziness, nausea, fatigue, bradycardia
48
METOPROLOL (beta blocker): Contra-indications
Avoid in patients with a history of asthma - can precipitate bronchospasm. Do not confuse immediate release and modified release
49
METOPROLOL (beta blocker): Pharmacodynamics
B1-selective B-blocker; reduces or inhibits the agonistic effect of catecholamines on the heart
50
METOPROLOL (beta blocker): Pharmacokinetics
Oral, IV. The mean elimination half-life of metoprolol in plasma is 3.5 hours
51
Cilazapril, Enalapril / ACE Inhibitors: Indications for use
For treatment of fluid volume excess in heart failure and hypertension
52
Cilazapril, Enalapril / ACE Inhibitors: Monitoring Requirements
Maintain BP and HR, fluid balance and weight documentation and watch urine output
53
Cilazapril, Enalapril / ACE Inhibitors: Patient Education
May take some time to work. Have regular BP checks. Avoid alcohol. Will need blood checks
54
Cilazapril, Enalapril / ACE Inhibitors: Common side effects
Dehydration, hyperkalaemia, dry cough
55
Cilazapril, Enalapril / ACE Inhibitors: Contra-indications
Significant drug interactions, precautions kidney function, rash, liver impairment
56
Cilazapril, Enalapril / ACE Inhibitors: Pharmacodynamics
Prevents angiotensin I from converting to angiotensin II. Prevents constriction of blood vessels and prevents angiotensin I from secreting aldosterone. Promotes diuresis
57
Cilazapril, Enalapril / ACE Inhibitors: Pharmacokinetics
Oral, IV. Binds to tissue and plasma protein. Often by glomerular filtration, absorbed and eliminated rapidly. BP decreases, heart rate decreases and urine output increases
58
FRUSEMIDE (Frusid, Lasix) Loop Diuretic: Indications for use
Treatment of oedema associated with heart failure, cirrhosis, renal impairment and nephrotic syndrome
59
FRUSEMIDE (Frusid, Lasix) Loop Diuretic: Monitoring Requirements
Weight, blood pressure, pulse, electrolytes, fluid balance
60
FRUSEMIDE (Frusid, Lasix) Loop Diuretic: Patient Education
Take with food. Possible potassium supplements, report ringing in ears, abdomen pain, muscle weakness and cramps
61
FRUSEMIDE (Frusid, Lasix) Loop Diuretic: Side Effects
Electrolyte disturbance, dizziness, postural hypotension, ototoxicity
62
FRUSEMIDE (Frusid, Lasix) Loop Diuretic: Contra-indications
Interacts with several drugs including Aminoglycoside antibiotics, anticonvulsants, anti diabetics (etc)
63
FRUSEMIDE (Frusid, Lasix) Loop Diuretic: Pharmacodynamics
Inhibits reabsorption of sodium and chloride in the loop of Henle
64
FRUSEMIDE (Frusid, Lasix) Loop Diuretic: Pharmacokinetics
Oral, IV. Highly protein bound, oral half life 1-2hrs, peak effect 1 hr, IV peak effect 30 mins
65
Low Dose Asprin (acetylsalicylic acid) ANTI-PLATELET: Monitoring Requirements
Monitor for signs of increased bleeding (coffee ground vomit/dark stool), peptic ulcer disease
66
Low Dose Asprin (acetylsalicylic acid) ANTI-PLATELET: patient education
do not take if you have a history of peptic ulcer disease, asthma or uncontrolled high blood pressure without consultation with a MO. Take with food.
67
Low Dose Asprin (acetylsalicylic acid) ANTI-PLATELET: Common adverse effects
GI Bleeding, Acute renal insufficiency
68
Low Dose Asprin (acetylsalicylic acid) ANTI-PLATELET: Significant drug interactions
some vaccines, ginkgo biloba, SSRIs
69
Low Dose Asprin (acetylsalicylic acid) ANTI-PLATELET: Pharmacodynamics
Impedes clotting by blocking prostaglandin synthesis preventing formation of platelet-aggregating substance thromboxane A2- works for lifespan of platelet
70
Low Dose Asprin (acetylsalicylic acid) ANTI-PLATELET: Pharmacokinetics
Rapidly absorbed from stomach (and more slowly small intestine), peak serum levels 20-40 minutes. Rapidly metabolised by tissue and converted to acetic acid and salicylate. Salicylate binds to plasma protein for distribution. Excreted via kidneys.

BNKN602 Exam (17 decks)

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