Medical Treatment + Discovery in causes of disease

Question 1

spontaneous generation

Answer 1

mid 19th century - the belief that decay caused the growth of microorganisms, and their creation was by rotting material

Question 2

miasma theory

Answer 2

mid 19th century - the belief that disease was spread by bad smell, and also that disease spread quicker in hot weather (heavily believed and implemented by florence nightingale)

Question 3

four humours theory

Answer 3

mid 19th century - an imbalance of the four humours (blood, black bile, yellow bile, phlegm) would lead to sickness, and that excess of specific humours led to specific diseases

Question 4

scutari, crimean war

Answer 4

1854 october - where florence nightingale went to practice nursing for the first time in the crimean war, and took notice of the “appalling conditions”, where many shared beds, in unclean conditions with lice and flea epidemics

Question 5

james simpson

Answer 5

1847 - discovered chloroform, an anaesthetic which meant that patients would go to sleep and wouldn’t feel as much pain during surgery

Question 6

john snow (early)

Answer 6

1850 - pioneered the chloroform inhaler, allowing dosages to be controlled
1853 - administered chloroform on queen elizabeth’s childbirth, removing lots of opposition of the anaesthetic.

Question 7

notes on nursing

Answer 7

1859 - nightingale published this book putting emphasis on importance of light, good care and food for the patients, expecting higher levels of personal hygiene, reports to doctor

Question 8

school for nurses

Answer 8

1860 - nightingale opens a school for nursing, promoting proper nursing training (st. thomas’ hospital). set up to teach her beliefs (eg. increased ventilation, cleanliness)

Question 9

germ theory

Answer 9

1861 (publish date) - pasteur disproves the idea of spontaneous generation, suggesting that microorganisms are always present and cause decay
- air contains microorganisms
- which cause decay
- were not evenly distributed in air
- could be killed through heating

Question 10

germ theory and its applicaiton to medicine

Answer 10

1878 (publish date) - took a long time for link to disease from germ theory to be recognised, it was unclear how germ theory could be used to cure disease (microorganisms also found in blood!)

Question 11

anthrax vaccine

Answer 11

1881 - pasteur develops anthrax vaccine for chickens after koch identified its microorganism

Question 12

adminstration of vaccine

Answer 12

1881 - pasteur administers the first vaccine on a person bitten by a rabid dog (successful)

Question 13

isolation of microorganisms

Answer 13

developed methods of staining and photographing microorganisms, and creating lab-grown cultures in agar jelly. (worked with Paul Ehrlich)
1876 - anthrax
1882 - tuberculosis
1883 - cholera
–> his work did not have immediate impacts, as time was needed to develop vaccines

Question 14

wilhelm rontgen

Answer 14

1895 - discovery of x rays, and invention of this machine, allowing doctors to look at the internal anatomy of the body and broken bones

Question 15

karl landesteiner

Answer 15

1901 - concept of blood groups identified (A, B, O), that only successful transfusions could take place when they had the same blood type
1902 - identifies blood group AB
discovery that blood type O could be used in transfusions for all blood types

Question 16

Francis Rous

Answer 16

1916 - discovered glucose citrate to help blood last around 1 month

Question 17

James Turner

Answer 17

1916 - discovered glucose citrate to help blood last around 1 month

Question 18

Paul Ehrlich

Answer 18

1909 - discovered the first magic bullet, treatment that would kill disease-carrying microorganisms without affecting other cells in the body

Question 19

syphillis

Answer 19

1909 - disease that Ehrlich chose to target, with side effects of dementia, strokes vision and heart problems. Ehrlich found the magic bullet in Salvarsan 606, leading to the first chemical cure for a disease

Question 20

radium

Answer 20

1902 - isolation of radium by marie curie, and its usages in radiotherapy and treating cancer
1910 - develops a radium institute to investigate the usage of radioactivity to shrink tumours

Question 21

alexander fleming

Answer 21

1928 - Fleming discovers penicilin by accident, a cure for bacterial infection

Question 22

ernst chain

Answer 22

1939 - oxford scientist that fleming teams up with to test penicillin / produce
1941 - tests penicil on human (albert alexander)

Question 23

Howard Florey

Answer 23

1941 - involved with the administration of penicilin to the first human with Chain
~1944 - helped with the mass production of penicilin with US companies