changes in surgery

Question 1

james simpson

Answer 1

1847 - he discovers chloroform to be an effective anaesthetic

Question 2

john snow

Answer 2

1850 - he invents the chloroform inhaler to control dosages of the chloroform

Question 3

robert liston

Answer 3

1800s ish - fastest surgeon, completing an amputation in 2.5 minutes start to end –> combatting the problem of blood loss

Question 4

blood loss prevention techniques

Answer 4

ligatures - tied around open blood vessels to seal them
tourniquet - cloth tied tightly around body part to decrease the flow of blood to that area
cautery - hot metal plate pressed to “seal” the ends of exposed arteries

Question 5

joseph lister

Answer 5

1867 - uses carbolic spray for the first time after reading pasteur’s germ theory and how carbolic acid was used to kill parasites in sewage

Question 6

opposition against lister

Answer 6

many opposed lister’s usage of carbolic spray because it slowed down the surgery and made the worksurfaces more slippery
–> death rate of lister dropped by 30%, due to dealing with problem of infection

Question 7

black period of surgery

Answer 7

1850-70 where the most deaths occured due to surgery
- due to chloroform, surgeons had more confidence to attempt deeper and more complicated surgery, without properly solving the issues of infection and blood loss

Question 8

steam steriliser

Answer 8

1878 - invented by robert koch, to sterilise medical equipment from the heat killing the microorganisms
- antiseptic surgery
- less damage caused tot he surgeon’s skin from the carbolic acid

Question 9

gustav neuber

Answer 9

1886 - german surgeon, first to introduce aseptic surgery into hospitals, where germs were removed from the entire operating theatre
- this practice was adopted by britain in the 1900s

Question 10

harold gilles

Answer 10

1916 - first person to set up plastic surgery ward at cambridge military hospital - plastic surgeon from new zeland
- pioneered methods to repair and restore parts of the face （skin grafts）

Question 11

archibald mcindoe

Answer 11

1938 - pioneered skin grafts in the treatment of burns –> found out that previously used chemical creams caused lots of damage and immobilisation
- usage of saline baths in healing the wound

Question 12

post-battle of britain

Answer 12

1942 - gillies and mcindoe perform plastic surgery in front of the media
- showing and. making it more widely accessible, and the possibility of plastic surgery is present