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Medical Terms Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Abdominocentesis

A

The surgical puncture of the abdominal cavity to remove fluid for diagnostic purposes

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2
Q

Acronym

A

A word formed from the initial letters of the major parts of a compound term

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3
Q

Acute

A

A condition that has a rapid onset, a severe course, and a relatively short duration

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4
Q

Angiography

A

The process of producing a radiographic study of the blood vessels after the injection of a contrast medium to make the blood vessels visible.

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5
Q

Appendectomy

A

Surgical removal of the appendix

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6
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Abnormal hardening of the walls of an artery or arteries

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7
Q

Arthralgia

A

Pain in a joint or joints

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8
Q

Colostomy

A

The surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface

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9
Q

Cyanosis

A

Blue discoloration of the skin caused by a lack of adequate oxygen in the blood

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10
Q

Dermatologist

A

A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the skin

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11
Q

Diagnosis

A

The identification of a disease

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12
Q

Diarrhea

A

The frequent flow of loose or watery stools

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13
Q

Edema

A

Swelling caused by excess fluid in body tissues

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14
Q

Endarterial

A

Pertaining to the interior or lining of an artery

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15
Q

Eponym

A

A disease, structure, operation, or procedure named for the person who discovered or described it first

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16
Q

Erythrocyte

A

A mature red blood cell

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17
Q

Fissure

A

A groove or cracklike sore of the skin; also a normal fold in the contours of the brain

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18
Q

Fistula

A

An abnormal passage, usually between two internal organs or leading from an organ to the surface of the body

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19
Q

Gastralgia

A

Pain in the stomach

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20
Q

Gastritis

A

Inflammation of the stomach

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21
Q

Gastroenteritis

A

Inflammation of the stomach and small intestine

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22
Q

Gastrosis

A

Any abnormal condition or disease of the stomach

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23
Q

Hemorrhage

A

The loss of a large amount of blood in a short time

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24
Q

Hepatomegaly

A

Abnormal enlargement of the liver

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25
Q

Hypertension

A

Higher-than-normal blood pressure

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26
Q

Hypotension

A

Lower-than-normal blood pressure

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27
Q

Infection

A

Invasion of the body by a pathogenic organism

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28
Q

Inflammation

A

A localized response to an injury or destruction of tissues that is characterized by heat, redness, swelling and pain

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29
Q

Interstitial

A

Between, but not within, the parts of a tissue

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30
Q

Intramuscular

A

Within the muscle

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31
Q

Laceration

A

A torn, jagged wound or an accidental cut wound

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32
Q

Lesion

A

A pathologic change of the tissues due to disease or injury

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33
Q

Malaise

A

A feeling of general discomfort or uneasiness that is often the first indication of an infection or other disease

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34
Q

Mycosis

A

Any abnormal condition or disease caused by a fungus

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35
Q

Myelopathy

A

Any pathologic change or disease in the spinal cord

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36
Q

Myopathy

A

Any pathologic change or disease of muscle tissue

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37
Q

Myorrhexis

A

The rupture of a muscle

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38
Q

Natal

A

Pertaining to birth

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39
Q

Neonatology

A

Study of disorders of a newborn

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40
Q

Neurorrhaphy

A

Suturing together the ends of a severed nerve

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41
Q

Otorhinolaryngology

A

Study of the ears, nose and theoat

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42
Q

Palpation

A

An examination technique in which the examiner’s hands are used to feel the texture, size, consistency, and location of certain body parts

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43
Q

Palpitation

A

A pounding or racing heart

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44
Q

Pathology

A

The study of all aspects of diseases

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45
Q

Phalanges

A

The bones of the fingers and toes. Big toe has two phalanges and each of the others have 3.
Phalanx is a single finger or toe.

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46
Q

Poliomyelitis

A

A viral infection of the gray nerve tissue of the spinal cord

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47
Q

Prognosis

A

A prediction of the probable course and outcome of a disease

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48
Q

Pyoderma

A

Any acute, inflammatory, pus-forming bacterial skin infection

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49
Q

Pyrosis

A

Discomfort due to the regurgitation of stomach acid upward into the esophagus

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50
Q

Remission

A

The temporary, partial, or complete disappearance of the symptoms of a disease without having achieved a cure

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51
Q

Sign

A

Objective evidence of disease, such as a fever

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52
Q

Supination

A

The act of rotating the arm so that the palm of the hand is forward or upward

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53
Q

Suppuration

A

The formation or discharge of pus

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54
Q

Supracostal

A

Above or outside the ribs

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55
Q

Symptom

A

Subjective evidence of a disease, such as pain or a headache

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56
Q

Syndrome

A

A set of the signs and symptoms that occur together as part of a specific disease process

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57
Q

Tonsillitis

A

Inflammation of the tonsils

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58
Q

Trauma

A

Wound or injury

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59
Q

Triage

A

Medical screening of patients to determine their relative priority of need and the proper place of treatment

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60
Q

Viral

A

Pertaining to a virus

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61
Q

Abdominal cavity

A

The body cavity that contains the major organs of digestion

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62
Q

Adenectomy

A

The surgical removal of a gland

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63
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

A malignant tumor that originated in glandular tissue

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64
Q

Adenoma

A

A benign tumor that arises in or resembles glandular tissue

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65
Q

Adenomalacia

A

Abnormal softening of a gland

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66
Q

Adenosclerosis

A

Abnormal hardening of a gland

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67
Q

Anaplasia

A

A change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other

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68
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of the structures of the body

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69
Q

Anomaly

A

A deviation from what is regarded as normal

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70
Q

Anterior

A

Situated in front

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71
Q

Aplasia

A

The defective development or congenital absence of an organ or tissue

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72
Q

Bloodborne transmission

A

The spread of a disease through contact with blood or other body fluids contaminated with blood

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73
Q

Caudal

A

Toward the lower part of the body

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74
Q

Cephalic

A

Toward the head

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75
Q

Chromosome

A

A genetic structure located within the nucleus of each cell

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76
Q

Communicable disease

A

Any disease transmitted from one person to another either directly or by indirect contact with contaminated objects

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77
Q

Congenital disorder

A

An abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth

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78
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The material located within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus

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79
Q

Distal

A

Situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure

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80
Q

Dorsal

A

Back of the body or organ

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81
Q

Dysplasia

A

Abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs

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82
Q

Endemic

A

Referring to the ongoing presence of a disease, such as the common cold, within a population, group, or area

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83
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

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84
Q

Epidemic

A

A sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area

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85
Q

Epigastric region

A

The region located above the stomach

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86
Q

Etiology

A

The study of the causes of diseases

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87
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Glands that secrete chemical substances into ducts leading either to other organs or out of the body

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88
Q

Functional disorder

A

Produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified

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89
Q

Genetic disorder

A

A pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene

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90
Q

Geriatrician

A

A physician who specializes in the care of older people

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91
Q

Hemophilia

A

A group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which a blood clotting factor is missing

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92
Q

Histology

A

The microscopic study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues

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93
Q

Homeostasis

A

The processes through which the body maintains a constant internal environment

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94
Q

Hyperplasia

A

The enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues

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95
Q

Hypertrophy

A

A general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size, but not in the number, of the cells in the tissues

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96
Q

Hypogastric region

A

The region of the abdomen that is below the stomach

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97
Q

Hypoplasia

A

The incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells

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98
Q

iatrogenic illness

A

Unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment

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99
Q

Idiopathic disorder

A

An illness without known cause

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100
Q

Infectious disease

A

Illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses

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101
Q

inguinal

A

Relating to the groin, refers to the entire lower portion of the abdomen including the groin

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102
Q

Medial

A

The direction toward or nearer the midline

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103
Q

Messentery

A

The fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attached parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall

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104
Q

Midsagittal plane

A

The vertical plane that divides the body, from top to bottom, into equal left and right halves

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105
Q

Nosocomial infection

A

A disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting

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106
Q

Pandemic

A

A disease outbreak occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide

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107
Q

Pelvic cavity

A

The space formed by the hip bones that contains the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems

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108
Q

Peritoneum

A

The multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place with the abdominal cavity

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109
Q

Peritonitis

A

Inflammation of the peritoneum

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110
Q

Phenylketonuria

A

A genetic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing

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111
Q

Physiology

A

The study of the functions of the body structures

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112
Q

Posterior

A

Situated in the back or on the back part of an organ

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113
Q

Proximal

A

Situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure

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114
Q

Retroperitoneal

A

Located behind the peritoneum

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115
Q

Stem cells

A

Unspecialized cells that renew themselves for long periods of time through cell division

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116
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

The cavity that surrounds and protects the heart and the lungs also known as the chest cavity

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117
Q

Transverse plane

A

The horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower portions

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118
Q

Umbilicus

A

The pit in the center of the abdominal wall that marks where the umbilical cord was attached before birth

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119
Q

Vector-borne transmission

A

The spread of a disease due to the bite of a vector capable of transmitting that disease

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120
Q

Ventral

A

Refers to the front or belly side of the body or organ

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121
Q

Cranial

A

Pertaining to the skull

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122
Q

Homeostasis

A

The process through which the body maintains a constant internal environment

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123
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity

A

Pertaining to the abdominal and pelvic cavities as a single unit

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124
Q

Inguinal

A

Refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen, including the groin, which is the crease at the junction of the trunk with the upper end of the thigh.

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125
Q

Left and right hypochondriac regions

A

Part of the thorax/abdomen region below the ribs. Also an individual with an abnormal concern for his or her health.

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126
Q

Epigastric region

A

Part of the thorax/abdomen region located above the stomach

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127
Q

Right and left lumbar regions

A

Part of the thorax/abdomen region located near the inward curve of the spine. Part of the ribs between the ribs and pelvis.

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128
Q

Umbilical region

A

Part of the thorqx/abdomen region that Surrounds the umbilicus, which is commonly known as the belly button or navel. This pit in the center of the abdominal wall marks the point where the umbilical cord was attached before birth.

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129
Q

Left and right iliac regions

A

Part of the thorax/abdomen region Located near the hip bones

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130
Q

Hypogastric region

A

Part of the thorax/abdomen region Located below the stomach

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131
Q

Peritoneum

A

A multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity.

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132
Q

Membrane

A

A thin layer of tissue that covers a surface, lines a cavity, or divides a space or organ.

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133
Q

Mesentery

A

A fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall.

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134
Q

Visceral peritoneum

A

The inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity.

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135
Q

Visceral

A

Relating to internal organs.

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136
Q

Peritonitis

A

Inflammation of the peritoneum.

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137
Q

Cytology

A

The study of the anatomy

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138
Q

Etiology

A

Study of the causes of diseases

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139
Q

Endemic

A

Refers to the ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group or area.

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140
Q

Organic disorder

A

Produces symptoms caused by detectable physical changes in the body. (IE chicken pox which has a rash is an organic disorder by a virus)

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141
Q

Atresia

A

The congenital absence of a normal body opening or the failure of a structure to be tubal.

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142
Q

Parietal peritoneum

A

The outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall

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143
Q

Bones

A

Living tissue made up of mostly collagens d calcium which can grow and repair itself. Collagen is a protein providing the framework and calcium is a mineral that adds strength and hardness. The combo of both make bones flexible and strong enough to withstand stress.

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144
Q

Joint

A

The point at which two or more bones are connected.

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145
Q

Cartilage

A

Lining that beeps bones from grinding against each other. Softer than bones and found in many other body parts such as rib cage, external ear, tip of nose and intervertebral disks.

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146
Q

Ligaments

A

Strong, elastic bands of tissue that join bones to other bones.

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147
Q

Bursa

A

Fluid-filled sac that cushions areas subject to friction, such as the shoulder, elbow, and knee joints.

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148
Q

Skull

A

Bones of skull dividend into 2 groups… cranium and face. The 8 bones that form the cranium protect the brain. There are 14 bones that form the face. The auditory ossicles are 3 tiny bones located in each middle ear.

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149
Q

Rib cage

A

Protects the heart and lungs. Consists of 25 ribs, sternum (breastbone), and 12 thoracic vertebrae of the spinal column.

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150
Q

Spinal column

A

Aka as the vertebrae column, the spinal column supports the head and body and protects the spinal cord. The bony structures of the spinal column are called vertebrae. There are 26 vertebrae - 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 1 sacrum, and 1 coccyx. The intervertebral disks act as shock absorbers that separate and cushion them from each other.

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151
Q

Bones of the upper limb

A

Bones of the arms, forearms, wrists, hands and fingers.

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152
Q

Shoulder girdle

A

Aka pectoral girdle, is a set of bones which connects to the arms on each side. These bones are highly mobile to enhance the range of upper limb movements.

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153
Q

Bones of the lower limb

A

Bones of the hips, legs, thighs, ankles, feet and toes.

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154
Q

Pelvic girdle

A

A largely immobile bony, weight-bearing structure that provides a strong foundation for the upper body as it rests on top of the mobile lower limbs.

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155
Q

Femur

A

Largest bone in body - thigh bone. Head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum (hip socket). The femoral neck is the narrow area just below the head of the femur.

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156
Q

Mandible

A

Aka jawbone

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157
Q

Coccyx

A

Aka tailbone

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158
Q

Carpals

A

Bones that form the wrist

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159
Q

Costals

A

Aka ribs

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160
Q

Muscle

A

A band of fibrous tissue that has the ability to contract. Contraction is stimulated by nerve impulses and triggers the movement of the muscle. When the impulse is removed the muscle relaxes back to its natural state. This pattern of contraction and relaxation is responsible for all the movements in the body. The 3 types of muscles are skeletal, smooth, and myocardial.

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161
Q

Skeletal muscles

A

Attached to the bones and help limbs and other body parts move. These muscles are under conscious, or voluntary, control. They are also known as striated muscles because, under a microscope, the dark and light bands in the muscle fibers create a striped appearance. Striated means striped.

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162
Q

Smooth muscles

A

Make up the walls of the hollow organs (intestines, stomach, urinary bladder, uterus), blood vessels, and internal muscles of the eye. These muscles are under involuntary control, which means they are not consciously directed. Smooth muscles do not have striations.

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163
Q

Myocardial

A

Aka cardiac muscles, make up the wall of the heart and are responsible for the forceful contractions of the heart. The action of these muscles is involuntary.

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164
Q

Fascia

A

Densely woven sheath of connective tissue that supports muscles, bones, nerves, arteries and veins, and surrounds virtually every organ of the human body, including the heart, lungs, brain and spinal cord. One continuous structure from head to toe. It’s also mostly collagen so it’s very flexible.

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165
Q

Tendons

A

Tough cords of tissue that attach skeletal muscles to bones. Tendons and muscles work together and exert a pulling force to move the bone. The largest tendon on the human body is the Achille’s tendon, which attaches the calf muscle to the heel bone.

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166
Q

Acetabulum

A

The large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis that articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint; commonly known as the hip socket

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167
Q

Allogenic

A

Originating within another (ie allogenic bone marrow transplant uses bone marrow from a compatible donor but must be a perfect match).

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168
Q

Ankylosis spondylitis

A

A form of rheumatoid arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae

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169
Q

Arthrodesis

A

The surgical fusion of two bones to stiffen a joint

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170
Q

Arthrolysis

A

The surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint

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171
Q

Arthroscopy

A

The visual examination of the internal structure of a joint

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172
Q

Autologous

A

Originating within the individual (ie autologous bone marrow transplant is when patient receives his or her own bone marrow cells which have been harvested and treated).

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173
Q

Vascular necrosis

A

An area of bone tissue death caused by insufficient blood flow

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174
Q

Chondromalacia

A

The abnormal softening of cartilage

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175
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

A fractured in which the bone is splintered or crushed

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176
Q

Compression fracture

A

Occurs when the bone is pressed together on itself

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177
Q

Costochondritis

A

An inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum

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178
Q

Craniostenosis

A

A malformation of the skull due to the premature closure of the cranial sutures

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179
Q

Crepitation

A

The grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together

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180
Q

Duel x-ray absorptiometry

A

A low exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips that measures bone density

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181
Q

Gout

A

A type of arthritis characterized by deposits of iron acid crystals on the joints

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182
Q

Hallux valgus

A

An abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe; also known as a bunion

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183
Q

Hemarthrosis

A

Blood within a joint

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184
Q

Hemopoietic

A

Pertaining to the formation of blood cells

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185
Q

Internal fixation

A

A fracture treatment in which a plate or pins are placed directly into the bone to hold the broken pieces in place

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186
Q

Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

A

An autoimmune disorder that affects children ages 16 or younger, with symptoms that include stiffness, pain, joint swelling, skin rash, fever, slowed growth, and fatigue

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187
Q

Kyphosis

A

An abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side; also known as humpback or dowager’s himp

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188
Q

Laminectomy

A

The surgical removal of a lamina from a vertebra

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189
Q

Lordosis

A

An abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine; also known as swayback

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190
Q

Lumbago

A

Pain in the lumbar region of the spine; aka low back pain

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191
Q

Malleolus

A

The rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula on the sides of each ankle joint

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192
Q

Manubrium

A

The bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum

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193
Q

Metacarpals

A

The five bones that form the back of the hand

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194
Q

Metatarsals

A

The bones that form the part of the foot to which the toes are attached

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195
Q

Myeloma

A

Type of cancer that occurs in the blood-making cells found in the red bone marrow

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196
Q

Open fracture

A

A break in which the bone is broken and there is an open wound in the skin; also known as a compound fracture

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197
Q

Orthopedic surgeon

A

A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders involving the bones, joints, and muscles; aka an orthopedist

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198
Q

Orthotic

A

A mechanical appliance such as a leg brace or splint that is specially designed to control, correct, or compensate for impaired limb function.

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199
Q

Osteitis

A

Inflammation of a bone

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200
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

The type of arthritis commonly associated with aging; aka wear-and-tear arthritis. Known as a degenerative joint disease because it is characterized by wearing away of the particular cartilage within the joints. Also characterized by hyper trophy of bone and the formation of osteophytes, aka bone spurs.

201
Q

Osteochondroma

A

A benign bony projection covered with cartilage

202
Q

Osteoclasis

A

The surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity

203
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Aka adult rickets / Abnormal softening of bones in adults / caused by a deficiency of vitamin D, calcium, and/or phosphate.

204
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

Inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone

205
Q

Osteopenia

A

Thinner-than-average bone density

206
Q

Osteoporosis

A

A marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity frequently asssocisted with aging. Osteoporosis is primarily responsible for 3 types of fractures: compression fracture aka vertebrae crush fracture, Colles’ fracture, osteoporotic hip fracture.

207
Q

Osteoporotic hip fracture

A

A broken bone usually caused by weakening of the bones due to osteoporosis and can occur spontaneously or as a result of a fall

208
Q

Osteorrhaphy

A

Surgical suturing or working together of bones

209
Q

Paget’s disease

A

A disease of unknown origin that is characterized by extensive breakdown of bone tissue followed by abnormal bone formation

210
Q

Pathologic fracture

A

When a bone breaks under normal strain because the bone has been weakened by osteoporosis or by a disease process such as cancer

211
Q

Percutaneous vertebroplasty

A

A minimally invasive procedure performed to treat osteoporosis-related compression fractures of the spine

212
Q

Periostitis

A

Inflammation of the periosteum

213
Q

Podiatrist

A

A specialist in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot

214
Q

Polymyalgia rheumatica

A

An inflammatory disorder of the muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, upper arms, and hips and thighs

215
Q

Prosthesis

A

A substitute for a diseased or missing body part, such as a leg that has been amputated (aka implant).

216
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

A chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked. As RA progressively attacks the synovial membranes they become inflamed and thickened so that the joints are increasingly swollen painful and immobile.

217
Q

Rickets

A

Deficiency disease in children characterized by defective bone growth caused by a lack of vitamin D

218
Q

Scoliosis

A

Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

219
Q

Spina bifida

A

Congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy in which the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it

220
Q

Spiral fracture

A

Fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart

221
Q

Spondylolisthesis

A

Forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum below it

222
Q

Spondylosis

A

Degenerative disorder that can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function; aka spinal osteoarthritis

223
Q

Subluxation

A

Partial displacement of a bone from its joint

224
Q

Synovectomy

A

Surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint

225
Q

Vertebrae

A

Bony structural units of the spinal column

226
Q

Ossification

A

Process by which a newborn skeleton of membranes and cartilage turn to bone (after 3 months)

227
Q

The tissues of bone

A

See chart in chapter 3 page 59.

Periosteum, compact bone, cortical bone, spongy bone aka cancellous bone, long bone, medullary cavity, endosteum

228
Q

Meniscus

A

Curved, fibrous cartilage found in some joints such as the knee and tmj joint of the jaw

229
Q

An atomic landmark of bones

A

Diaphysis, epiphyses, foramen, foramen magnum, process, mastoid process

230
Q

Fontanelles

A

Soft spots which help facilitate the passage of infant through the birth canal and then allows the skull to grow during the first year.

231
Q

Components of synovial joints

A

Ch 3 page 61.
Synovial capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, ligaments, bursa

232
Q

Appendage

A

Anything that is attached to a major part of the body

233
Q

Appendicular

A

Referring to an appendage

234
Q

Extremity

A

The terminal end of a body part such as an arm or leg

235
Q

Bones of the cranium

A

Ch 3 pg 62
8 bones enclose and protect the brain: frontal bone, 2 parietal bones, occipital bone, 2 temporal bones, sphenoid bone, and ethmoid bone

236
Q

External auditory meatus

A

The opening of the external auditory canal of the outer ear. This canal is located within the temporal bone on each side of the skull. A meatus is the external opening of a canal

237
Q

Auditory ossicles

A

3 tiny bones located in each middle ear. These bones are known as the malleus, incus, and stapes

238
Q

Bones of the face

A

Ch 3 pg 62
14 bones

239
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Bony structure that protects the heart and lungs. Consists of the ribs, sternum, and upper portion of the spinal column. Aka the rib cage.

240
Q

Sternum

A

Ch 3 pg 63
Aka Breastbone

241
Q

The shoulders

A

Form the pectoral girdle which supports the arms and hands. Aka shoulder girdle.

Clavicle aka collar bone, scapula, acromion

242
Q

The arms

A

Humerus, radius, ulna, and olecranon process

243
Q

The wrists, hands and fingers

A

8 carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, each 4 finger has 3 bones, the thumb has 2

244
Q

Pelvis

A

Ala bony pelvis, protects internal organs and supports the lower extremities. In addition to the sacrum and coccyx, it includes the pelvic girdle (which consists of the ilium, ischium, and pubis)

245
Q

Symphysis

A

A place where two bones are closely joined (ie pubic symphysis)

246
Q

Patella

A

Aka kneecap. Bony anterior portion of the knee. The term popliteal describes the posterior space behind the knee where the ligaments, vessels, and muscles related to this joint are located. The cruciate ligaments make movements of the knee possible. These are known as the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments because they are shaped like a cross.

247
Q

Tibia

A

Aka shinbone. The larger anterior weight-bearing bone of the lower leg.

248
Q

Fibula

A

The smaller of the two bones of the lower leg.

249
Q

Ankle

A

Joints that connect the lower leg and foot to make the necessary movements possible. Each ankle is made up of 7 short tarsal bones. Similar to bones in wrists except much larger in size. The talus is the ankle bones that articulates with the tibia and fibula. Malleolus is a rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula on the sides of each ankle joint. The calcaneus, aka heel bone, is the largest of the tarsal bones.

250
Q

Ankylosis

A

The loss of absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury or surgical procedure.

251
Q

Ankylosis

A

The loss of absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury or surgical procedure.

252
Q

Adhesive capsulitis

A

Aka frozen shoulder. Cause by adhesions forming in the synovial capsule surrounding the shoulder, making the joints become thicker and tighter.

253
Q

Arthrosclerosis

A

Stiffness of the joints especially in the elderly

254
Q

Capsul

A

Little box

255
Q

Baker’s cyst

A

Aka popliteal cyst / a fluid filled sac behind the knee. This usually results from a condition such as rheumatoid arthritis triggering the production of excess synovial fluid. The condition is named for British surgeon William Baker.

256
Q

Bursitis

A

An inflammation of a bursa

257
Q

Polymyalgia rheumatica

A

Inflammatory disorder of the muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in the neck shoulders upper arms, and hips and thighs.

258
Q

Sprain

A

Occurs when a ligament that connects bones to a joint is wrenched or torn

259
Q

Synovitis

A

Inflammation of the synovial membrane that results in swelling and pain of the affected joint. This condition is caused by arthritis, trauma, infection or irritation produced by damaged cartilage.

260
Q

Dislocation

A

Aka luxation / total displacement of a bone from its joint. Subluxation is partial displacement of a bone from its joint.

261
Q

Arthritis

A

Inflammatory condition of one or more joints. There are over 100 types of arthritis.

262
Q

Degenerative joint disease

A

Breaking down of a body part

263
Q

Osteophytes

A

Bone spurs

264
Q

Gout

A

Aka gouty arthritis which is a type of arthritis characterized by deposits of iris acid crystals in the joints, usually beginning in the big toe.

265
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Aka RA / a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked.

266
Q

Arthritis

A

An inflammatory condition of one or more joints. There are more than 100 types of arthritis.

267
Q

Curvatures of the spine

A

Kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis

268
Q

Vascular necrosis

A

Aka osteonecrosis, an area of bone tissue death caused by insufficient blood flow. It most commonly occurs in the hip joint

269
Q

Vascul

A

Blood vessels

270
Q

Talipes

A

Aka club foot / describes any congenital deformity of the foot involving the talus (ankle bone).

271
Q

Ewing’s sarcoma

A

Tumor that occurs in the bones of the upper arm, legs, pelvis, or rib. Peak incidence for the development of this condition is 10-20 years.

272
Q

Primary vs secondary bone cancer

A

Primary is a relatively rare malignant tumor that originates in a bone. Secondary describes tumors that have metastasized (spread) to bones from other organs such as the breast and lungs.

273
Q

Exostosis

A

Abnormal growth of bone on a bone.

274
Q

Colles’ fracture

A

Named for Irish surgeon Abraham Colles, aka fractured wrist.

275
Q

Types of fractures

A

Closed aka simple or complete, open aka compound, green stick aka incomplete, comminuted, oblique, pathologic, spiral, stress and transverse

276
Q

Closed fracture

A

Aka simple or complete fracture / one in which the bone is broken but there is no open wound on the skin

277
Q

Closed fracture

A

Aka simple or complete fracture / one in which the bone is broken but there is no open wound on the skin

278
Q

Open fracture

A

Aka compound fracture / one in which the bone is broken and there is an open wound on the skin.

279
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

One in which a bone is splintered or crushed.

280
Q

Greenstick fracture

A

Aka incomplete fracture / one in which the bone is bent and only partially broken / occurs primarily in children.

281
Q

Oblique fracture

A

Occurs at an angle across the bone.

282
Q

Pathologic fracture

A

Occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain. This is due to bones being weakened by osteoporosis or a disease process such as cancer.

283
Q

Spiral fracture

A

A fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart. This type of fracture occurs as the result of a severe twisting motion such as a knee injury.

284
Q

Stress fracture

A

An overuse injury / a small crack in the bone that often develops from chronic, excessive impact.

285
Q

Transverse fracture

A

Occurs straight across the bone

286
Q

Fat embolus

A

When a long bone is fractured and fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into the blood. An embolus is any foreign matter circulating in the blood that can become lodged and block the blood vessel.

287
Q

Crepitation

A

Aka Crepitus / the grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together. It is often used to describe the popping or clicking sound heard in the movements of some joints.

288
Q

Callus

A

A callus forms as a bulging deposit around the area of a break. Thickening of the skin caused by repeated rubbing.

289
Q

Radiograph

A

Aka x-ray / the use of x-radiation to visualize bone fractures and other abnormalities.

290
Q

Arthroscopy

A

The visual examination of the internal structure of a joint.

291
Q

Bone marrow biopsy

A

A diagnostic test that may be necessary after abnormal types or numbers of red or white blood cells are found in a complete blood count test.

292
Q

Bone marrow aspiration

A

The use of a syringe to withdraw tissue from the red bone marrow.

293
Q

Magnetic response imaging (mri)

A

Used to image soft tissue structures such as the interior of complex joints. Not very effective for imaging hard tissue such as bone.

294
Q

Bone density testing (BDT)

A

Determined losses or changes in bone density to diagnose conditions such as osteoporosis, osteomalacia, osteopenia, and Paget’s disease.

295
Q

Ultrasonic bone density testing

A

A screening procedure using sound waves to test for osteoporosis or other conditions that cause a loss of bone mass. Measurements are taken of the calcaneus (heel) bone.

296
Q

Dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)

A

A low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density. More accurate than ultrasonic bone density testing.

297
Q

Dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)

A

A low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density. More accurate than ultrasonic bone density testing.

298
Q

Bone marrow transplant (BMT)

A

Used to treat certain types of cancers such as leukemia and lymphomas, which affect bone marrow. Patient’s bone marrow and cancer cells are destroyed with high-intensity radiation and chemotherapy then healthy bone marrow stem cells are transfused into the recipient’s blood. These cells migrate to the spongy bone where they multiply to form new cancer-free bone marrow. Stem cells produced by the bone marrow eventually develop into blood cells.

299
Q

Orthotic

A

A mechanical appliance such as a shoe insert which will help control or correct for impaired limb function.

300
Q

Prosthesis

A

A substitute for a missing body part.

301
Q

Arthroscopic surgery

A

A minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of the interior of a joint.

302
Q

Chondroplasty

A

The surgical repair of damaged cartilage.

303
Q

Arthroplasty

A

Surgical repair of a damaged joint (has come to mean the surgical placement of an artificial joint).

304
Q

Percutaneous diskectomy

A

Performed to treat a herniated invertebral disk. A thin tube is inserted through the skin of the back to suction out the ruptured disk or to vaporize it with a laser.

305
Q

Craniectomy

A

Surgical removal of a portion of the skull l. Performed to treat craniostenosis or to relieve increased intracranial pressure due to swelling of the brain.

306
Q

Craniotomy

A

Surgical incision or opening into the skull. Performed to gain access to the brain to remove a tumor, to relieve intracranial pressure, or to obtain access for other surgical procedures.

307
Q

Cranioplasty

A

Surgical repair of the skull.

308
Q

Osteoectomy

A

Surgical removal of bone.

309
Q

Osteorrhaphy

A

Surgical suturing or working together of bones.

310
Q

Osteotomy

A

Surgical cutting of a bone.

311
Q

Periosteotomy

A

An incision through the periosteum to the bone.

312
Q

Closed reduction

A

Aka manipulation. Attempted realignment of the bone involved in a fracture or joint dislocation.

313
Q

Traction

A

A pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction in an effort to return the bone or joint to normal alignment.

314
Q

External fixation

A

A fracture treatment procedure in which pins are placed through the soft tissues and bone so that an external appliance can be used to hold the pieces of bone firmly in place during healing. When healing is complete the appliance is removed.

315
Q

Internal fixation

A

Aka open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) is a fracture treatment in which a plate or pins are placed directly into the bone to hold the broken pieces in place. Not usually removed after the fracture has healed.

316
Q

Diaphysis

A

The shaft of a long bone

317
Q

Xiphoid process

A

Lower portion of sternum

318
Q

Foramen

A

Opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass. Plural is foramina.

319
Q

Process

A

A projection or outgrowth of tissue from a larger body part, typically a bone. These bony processes serve as attachment points for muscles, tendons, or ligaments and can also help form joints.

For example:
• The mastoid process is a bony prominence behind the ear that serves as an attachment for neck muscles.
• The xiphoid process, at the base of the sternum, connects with several muscles.

320
Q

Zygomatic

A

Cheekbone

321
Q

Olecranon process

A

Point of the elbow

322
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Autoimmune arthritis

323
Q

Myeloma

A

Type of cancer that occurs in blood-making cells found in the red bone marrow.

324
Q

Ewing’s sarcoma

A

A rare and aggressive type of cancer that primarily affects bones and soft tissues, particularly in children and adolescents. It is part of a group of tumors known as Ewing’s sarcoma family of tumors (ESFT), which also includes peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET).

This cancer most commonly develops in the long bones, such as the femur, tibia, and humerus, but can also occur in other parts of the body, including the pelvis, ribs, and soft tissues. Ewing’s sarcoma typically causes symptoms like pain, swelling, and sometimes fever.

The exact cause of Ewing’s sarcoma is not fully understood, but it is thought to result from a genetic mutation, often involving a translocation between chromosomes 11 and 22. Treatment usually involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

325
Q

Muscles

A

Make body movement possible, hold body erect, move body fluids, and produce body heat.

326
Q

Fascia

A

Cover, support, and separate muscles.

327
Q

Abduction

A

Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body.

328
Q

Adduction

A

Movement of a limb toward the midline of the body.

329
Q

Adhesion

A

A band of fibrous tissue that holds structure together abnormally.

330
Q

Ataxia

A

The lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement.

331
Q

Atonic

A

Lacking normal muscle tone or strength.

332
Q

Atrophy

A

Weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures.

333
Q

Bradykinesia

A

Extreme slowness in movement.

334
Q

Carpal tunnel syndrome

A

Inflammation and swelling of the tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel, which then create pressure on the median nerve.

335
Q

Chronic fatigue syndrome

A

A debilitating and complex disorder characterized by profound fatigue that is not improved by bed rest and may be made worse by physical or mental activity.

336
Q

Curcumduction

A

The circular movement at the far end of a limb.

337
Q

Contracture

A

The permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective tissues are replaced with non-elastic fibrous tissues.

338
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle.

339
Q

Dyskinesia

A

Distortion or impairment of voluntary movement resulting in fragmented or jerky motions.

340
Q

Dystonia

A

A condition of abnormal muscle tone that causes the impairment of voluntary muscle movement.

341
Q

Electromyography

A

A diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation.

342
Q

Electromyography

A

A diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation.

343
Q

Epicondylitis

A

Inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbows. Lateral is aka tennis elbow and medial aka golfers elbow.

344
Q

Ergonomics

A

The study of human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment.

345
Q

Exercise physiologist

A

A specialist who works under a physician’s supervision to develop, implement, and coordinate exercise programs, and administer medical tests to promote physical fitness.

346
Q

Fasciitis

A

Inflammation of a fascia.

347
Q

Fibromyalgia

A

A debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue; diffuse or specific muscle, joint, or bone pain; and a wide range of other symptoms.

348
Q

Ganglion cyst

A

A harmless fluid-filled swelling that occurs most commonly on the outer surface of the wrist.

349
Q

Heel spur

A

A calcium deposit in the plantar fascia near its attachment to the heel bone.

350
Q

Hemiparesis

A

Slight paralysis or weakness affecting on side of the body.

351
Q

Hemiplegia

A

Total paralysis affecting only one side of the body.

352
Q

Hernia

A

The profusion of a part of a structure through the tissues normally containing it.

353
Q

Hyperkinesia

A

Abnormally increased motor function or activity, aka hyperactivity.

354
Q

Hypotonia

A

A condition of diminished tone of the skeletal muscles

355
Q

Impingement syndrome

A

Inflammed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint.

356
Q

Insertion

A

The point where the muscle ends by attaching to a bone or tendon.

357
Q

Intermittent claudication

A

Pain in leg muscles that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest.

358
Q

Muscular dystrophy

A

A group of more than 30 genetic diseases that characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement, without affecting the nervous system.

359
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

A chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness is voluntary muscles.

360
Q

Myocele

A

The herniation (protrusion) of muscle substance through a tear in the fascia surrounding it.

361
Q

Myoclonus

A

The quick involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles.

362
Q

Myofascial release

A

A specialized soft-tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions such as fibromyalgia, myofacial pain syndrome, movement restrictions, temporomandibular joint disorders, and carpal tunnel syndrome.

363
Q

Myolysis

A

The degeneration of muscle tissue.

364
Q

Myoparesis

A

Weakness or slight muscular paralysis.

365
Q

Neuromuscular

A

Pertaining to the relationship between nerve and muscle.

366
Q

Oblique

A

Slanted or at an angle

367
Q

Origin

A

The point where the muscle begins, located nearest the midline of the body or on a less movable part of the skeleton.

368
Q

Paralysis

A

The loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply.

369
Q

Paraplegia

A

Paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body.

370
Q

Physiatrist

A

A physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation with the focus on restoring function.

371
Q

Plantar fasciitis

A

Inflammation of the plantar fascia on the sole of the foot, causing foot or heel pain when walking or running.

372
Q

Polymyositis

A

A muscle disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body.

373
Q

Pronation

A

The act of rotating the armor the leg so the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned downward or backward.

374
Q

Quadriplegia

A

Paralysis of all four extremities.

375
Q

Sarcopenia

A

The loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that come with aging.

376
Q

Shin splint

A

A painful condition caused by the tibialis anterior muscle tearing away from the tibia (shin bone).

377
Q

Singultus

A

Myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the characteristic hiccup sound with each spasm; aka hiccups

378
Q

Sphincter

A

A ring-like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway.

379
Q

Sprain

A

An injury to a joint, such as ankle, knee or wrist which usually occurs when a ligament is wrenched or torn.

380
Q

Tenodesis

A

The suturing of the end of a tendon to a bone.

381
Q

Tenolysis

A

The release of a tendon from adhesions.

382
Q

Tenorrhaphy

A

The surgical suturing together of the divided ends of a tendon.

383
Q

Tenosynovitis

A

An inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon.

384
Q

Tenotomy

A

A surgical incision into a tendon.

385
Q

Torticollis

A

A stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side; also known as wryneck.

386
Q

Transverse

A

In a crosswise direction.

387
Q

Muscle fibers

A

The long, slender cells that make up muscles. Each muscle consists of a group of fibers that are bound together by connective tissue.

388
Q

Fascia

A

Band of connective tissue that envelops, separates, or binds together muscles or groups of muscles. Plural is fasciae or fascias.

389
Q

Tendon

A

Narrow band of nonelastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue that attached a muscle to a bone.

390
Q

Patellar tendon

A

Attached muscles to the bottom of the patella (kneecap).

391
Q

Achilles tendon

A

Attaches the gastrocnemius muscle (the major muscle of the calf of the leg) to the heel bone.

392
Q

Aponeurosis

A

Sheet-like fibrous connective tissue resembling a flattened tendon that connects muscles together or to a bone. Plies is aponeuroses.

393
Q

Muscle innervation

A

Stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve. Motor nerves control the body’s voluntary muscular contractions.

394
Q

Neuromuscular

A

Pertaining to the relationship between a nerve and muscle.

395
Q

Antagonistic

A

Refers to working in opposition to each other. One relaxes and the other contracts.

396
Q

Contraction

A

Tightening of a muscle

397
Q

Relaxation

A

Muscle returns to original form.

398
Q

Extension

A

Increases the angle of the elbow and moves hand away from the body.

399
Q

Flexion

A

Decreases the angle of the elbow and moves the hand toward the body.

400
Q

Rotation

A

A circular movement around an axis such as the shoulder joint.

401
Q

Circumduction

A

The circular movement at the far end of a limb.

402
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Bends the foot upward at the ankle.

403
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Bends the foot downward at the ankle.

404
Q

Axis

A

An imaginary line that runs lengthwise through the center of the body / rotation turns a bone on its own axis.

405
Q

Rotator cuff

A

The group of muscles and their tendons that hold the head of the humerus securely in place as it rotates within the shoulder joint.

406
Q

Superficial

A

Near the surface

407
Q

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

A

Helps bend the neck and rotate the head.

408
Q

Mastoid muscle

A

Inserts at one point of insertion into the mastoid process (just behind the ear).

409
Q

Pectoralis major

A

Thick fan-shaped muscle situated on the anterior chest wall.

410
Q

Pectoral

A

Relating to the chest

411
Q

Lateralis

A

Toward the side

412
Q

Vastus lateralis

A

Large muscle toward the outer side of the leg.

413
Q

Vastus

A

Latin word for huge

414
Q

Medialis

A

Toward the midline.

415
Q

Oblique

A

Slanted or at an angle

416
Q

Rectus

A

In straight alignment with the vertical axis of the body.

417
Q

Sphincter

A

A ring-like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway.

418
Q

Biceps brachii

A

Aka biceps, is formed of two divisions.

419
Q

Triceps brachii

A

Aka triceps / formed from 3 divisions.

420
Q

Gluteus Maximus

A

The largest muscle of the buttock.

421
Q

Deltoid muscle

A

Located on the shoulder and shaped like an inverted triangle.

422
Q

Hamstring group

A

The muscles by which a butcher hangs a pig / consists of three separate muscles: the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semi membranous muscles.

423
Q

Frontals / aka occipitofrontalis

A

Muscle in the forehead that raises and lowers the eyebrows.

424
Q

Termporalis muscle

A

Moved the lower jaw up back to close the mouth.

425
Q

Masseter muscle

A

One of the strongest in the body, moved the lower jaw up to close the mouth when chewing.

426
Q

Pectoralis major

A

In male it makes up the bulk of the chest muscles / in female it lies under the breast.

427
Q

External and internal oblique muscles

A

Found in the abdomen / external muscles rotate and flex the vertebral column, they also flex the torso and compress the abdomen / the internal muscles flex the spine, support the abdominal contents, help breathe and rotate the spine.

428
Q

Rectus abdominis

A

Helps flex the trunk, assists in breathing, and supports the spine.

429
Q

Transverse abdominis

A

Located on the side of the abdomen / this core muscle is engaged when a person laughs or coughs.

430
Q

Deltoid

A

Forms muscular cap of the shoulder.

431
Q

Trapezius muscle

A

Moved the head and shoulder blade.

432
Q

Rectus femoris

A

Extends the leg at the knee.

433
Q

Quadriceps femoris

A

Made up of 4 muscles, including the Vastus lateralis and Vastus medialis, which flex and extend the leg at the knee.

434
Q

Gastrocnemius

A

The calf muscle that flexes the knee and bends the foot downward.

435
Q

Exercise physiologist

A

A specialist who works under the supervision of a physician to develop, implement and coordinate exercise programs and administer medical tests to promote physical fitness.

436
Q

Neurologist

A

A physician who specializes in treating the causes of paralysis and similar muscular disorders in which there is a loss of function.

437
Q

Occupational therapist

A

Helps enable patients to participate in the activities of daily life, including self-care, eduction, work or social interaction.

438
Q

Physiatrist

A

Physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehab with the focus on restoring function.

439
Q

Rehabilitation

A

Restoration, following disease, illness, or injury, of the ability to function in a normal or near-normal manner.

440
Q

Physical therapist

A

Provides treatment to prevent disability or restore function through the use of exercise, heat, massage, or other techniques.

441
Q

Sports medicine physician

A

Specializes in treating sports-related injuries of the bones, joints, and muscles.

442
Q

Fasciitis

A

Inflammation of a fascia

443
Q

Fibromyalgia

A

Debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue, diffuse or specific muscle, joint, or bone pain, and a wide range of other symptoms.

444
Q

Tenosynovitis

A

An inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon

445
Q

Tendinitis

A

Inflammation of the tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of the joint. Aka tendonitis or tenonitis.

446
Q

Chronic fatigue syndrome (cfs)

A

Disorder of unknown cause / debilitating and complex characterized by profound fatigue that is not improved by bed rest and made worse by physical and mental activity. Symptoms are similar to fibromyalgia / aka myalgic encephalomyelitis

447
Q

Adhesion

A

A band of fibrous tissue that holds structured together abnormally. Adhesions can form in muscles or in internal organs, as the result of an injury or surgery.

448
Q

Atrophy

A

Weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures.

449
Q

Myalgia

A

Tenderness or pain in muscles.

450
Q

Myocele

A

Herniation (protrusion) of muscle substance through a tear in the fascia surrounding it.

451
Q

Myolysis

A

The degeneration of muscle tissue.

452
Q

Myorrhexis

A

The rupture or tearing of a muscle.

453
Q

Polymyositis

A

A muscle disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body. The affected muscles are typically closest to the trunk of the body.

454
Q

Rhabdomyolysis

A

Death of muscle fibers, which releases their contents into the bloodstream, where they can lead to complications including renal failure.

455
Q

Gravis

A

Grave or serious

456
Q

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)

A

Most common form in children / mostly young boys and progresses rapidly

457
Q

Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD)

A

Very similar to duchenne but less severe

458
Q

Compartment syndrome

A

Compression of nerves and blood vessels due to swelling within the “compartment” (an enclosed space created by the fascia that separates groups of muscles. Can be caused by trauma, tight bandage or casts, or repetitive activities such as running.

459
Q

Overuse injuries

A

Overuse tendonitis aka overuse tendinitis, stress fracture

460
Q

Myofascial pain syndrome

A

Chronic pain disorder that affects muscles and fascia throughout the body. Caused by muscle being contracted repetitively, and is characterized by trigger points producing local muscle pain.

461
Q

Referred pain

A

Pain that originates in one area of the body but is felt in another.

462
Q

Impingement syndrome

A

Inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint. Common symptom is discomfort when raising arm above head.

463
Q

Rotator cuff tendinitis

A

Inflammation of the tendons is the rotator cuff. Aka tennis shoulder or pitchers shoulder.

464
Q

Ruptured rotator cuff

A

Offers when rotator cuff tendinitis is left untreated or if the overuse continues.

465
Q

Carpal tunnel syndrome

A

Occurs when the tendons that pass the of the carpal tunnel are chronically overused and become inflamed and swollen. This is in the wrist.

466
Q

Carpal

A

Pertaining to the wrist

467
Q

Ganglion cyst

A

Harmless fluid filled swelling that occurs most commonly on the outer surface of the wrist.

468
Q

Strain

A

Injury to the body of the muscle or to the attachment of a tendon. Usually associated with overuse that involve a stretched or torn muscle or tendon.

469
Q

Hamstring injury

A

Can be a strain or tear on any of the three hamstring muscles that straighten the hip and bend the knee. Characterized by a suddden and severe pain in the back of the thigh.

470
Q

Iliotibial band syndrome

A

Overuse injury / IT band runs from the hipbone diagonally across the leg to the tibia. ITBS is caused by this band rubbing against bone often in the area of the knee.

471
Q

Spinal cord injury

A

The type of paralysis caused by this type of injury is determined by the level of the vertebra closest to the injury. The higher in the spinal cord the injury occurs the greater the area of the body that may be affected / injury occurs when a vertebra is broken and a piece of the broken bone is pressing into the spinal cord / when spinal cord is injured the ability of the brain to communicate with the body below the level of injury may be reduced or lost altogether.

472
Q

Deep tendon reflexes (DTRs)

A

Tested with a reflex hammer that is used to strike a tendon / a reflex is an involuntary response to a stimulus /

473
Q

Range of motion testing (ROM)

A

Diagnostic procedure to evaluate joint mobility and muscle strength . Used to increase flexibility, strength, and mobility.

474
Q

Muscle biopsy

A

Involves removal of a plug of tissue for examination. A biopsy needle is commonly used to obtain this specimen.

475
Q

Myalgia

A

Pain or tenderness in the muscles.

476
Q

Spasm

A

Any sudden, involuntary contraction of one or more muscles.

477
Q

Cramp

A

A painful localized muscle spasm often named for its cause / Charley horse is slang for cramp.

478
Q

Antispasmodic

A

Aka anticholinergic / administered to suppress smooth muscle contractions of the stomach, intestine, or bladder (atropine is an example antispasmodic)

479
Q

Skeletal muscle relaxant

A

Administered to relax certain muscles and to relieve the stiffness, pain, and discomfort caused by sprains, strains, or other muscle injuries. These meds act on the central nervous system and may have a negative interaction with alcohol and some antidepressants.

480
Q

Neuromuscular blocker

A

Aka neuromuscular blocking agent / a drug that causes temporary paralysis by blocking the transmission of nerve stimuli to the muscles. These are used as an adjunct to anesthesia during surgery to cause skeletal muscles to relax.

481
Q

Ergonomics

A

The study of the human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment.

482
Q

Myofascial release

A

Specialized soft tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions such as fibromyalgia, Myofascial pain syndrome, movement restrictions, temporomandibular joint (tmj) disorders and carpal tunnel syndrome.

483
Q

Occupational therapy (OT)

A

Activities to promote recovery and rehabilitation to assist patients in performing the activities of daily living (ADL) which include grooming, eating and dressing.

484
Q

Physical therapy (pt)

A

Treatment to prevent disability or restore function through the use of exercise, heat, massage, or other techniques.

485
Q

Therapeutic ultrasound

A

High frequency sound waves to treat muscle injuries by generating heat deep within muscle tissue / this heat eases pain, reduces muscle spasms and accelerated healing by increasing the flow of blood into the target tissues.

486
Q

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)

A

A device that delivers electrical impulses through the skin, which cause change in muscles.

487
Q

RICE

A

Most common first air treatment of muscular injuries (rest, ice, compression, elevation)

488
Q

Fasciotomy

A

A surgical incision through the fascia to relieve tension or pressure

489
Q

Fascioplasty

A

Surgical repair of a fascia

490
Q

Tenodesis

A

Surgical suturing of the end of a tendon to a bone

491
Q

Tenolysis

A

Release of a tendon from adhesions

492
Q

Tenorrhaphy

A

Surgical suturing together of the divided ends of a tendon.

493
Q

Tenotomy

A

Surgical incision into a tendon.

494
Q

Ultrasound-guided percutaneous needle tenotomy (PNT)

A

Used to treat chronic tendon pain by using ultrasound-guided needle insertions to stimulate scar tissue healing within the tendon. PNT can be used in conjunction with platelet-rich plasma therapy, in which some of the patients blood is injected into the scar tissue to promote increased blood flow and healing.

495
Q

Pathological fracture

A

Bone breaks in an area that is weakened by disease, such as osteoporosis, some cancers infection and some inherited bone disorders.

496
Q

Stress fracture

A

Common among athletes, this is a small crack in a bone cause by overuse and repetitive activity.

497
Q

Closed fracture

A

The broken bone doesn’t break the skin.

498
Q

Open fracture

A

The ends of the broken bone tear through the skin, putting the patient at higher risk of infection.

Medical Billing and Coding (5 decks)

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