Lesson Learning Objectives Flashcards
Ch 6 - Describe the major functions and structures of the lymphatic and immune systems
Lymphatic - absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins through the lacteals of the small intestine; remove waste products from the tissues and cooperate with the immune system in destroying invading pathogens; and return filtered lymph to the veins at the base of the neck.
Immune - maintain good health and to protect the body from harmful substances.
Ch 6 - identify the medical specialists who treat disorders of the lymphatic and immune systems.
Allergist, immunologist, lymphologist, oncologist.
Ch 6 - Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the primary terms related to the structures, functions, pathology, and diagnostic and treatment procedures of the lymphatic and immune systems.
Lymphatic - lymphadenitis (aka swollen glands), lymphagioma, ruptured spleen, splenomegaly, tonsillitis.
Lymphoscintigraphy is a diagnostic test to detect damage to lymphatic vessels.
Lymphedema is swelling of tissues due to an abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid. A bioimpedance spectroscopy is a non-invasive method of diagnosing lymphedema. It measures the resistance to an electrical current passed through to the affected limb.
The effectiveness of the immune system depends on a persons general health, age, and hereditary. Allergic reaction. localized allergic reaction aka cellular response, anaphylaxis aka systemic reaction, is a severe response to an allergen. Can perform scratch test to allergens. Sometimes blood test. Antihistimes are administered to relieve or prevent hay fever (histamine). Autoimmune disorder/disease is any large group of diseases characterized by a condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against its own tissues. Examples are rheumatoid arthritis, myasthenia gravis, pernicious anemia, chroma disease, multiple sclerosis, scleroderma, and Graves’ disease. Immunodeficiency disorders (compromised immune system) - HIV, AIDS, Kaposi’s sarcoma, ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay).
Treatments for immune system - immunotherapy, antibody therapy, immunosuppression (corticosteroid drug, cytotoxic drug)
Ch 6 - Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the primary terms related to oncology.
Tumor, neoplasm, benign tumor, myoma, malignant tumor, myosarcoma.
Cancer, metastasize, metastasis, carcinoma, sarcoma, lymphoma, breast cancer. Treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy for all types of cancer.
Ch 7 - describe the major functions of the respiratory system.
Deliver air to the lungs; convey oxygen from the inhaled air to the blood for delivery to the body cells; expel the waste products (carbon dioxide and a small amount of water) returned to the lungs by the blood through exhalation; and produce the airflow through the larynx that makes speech possible.
Ch 7 - name and describe the structures of the respiratory system.
Upper respiratory tract = nose (nostrils), mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, and trachea
Lower respiratory tract = bronchial tree and lungs which are located within g and protected by the thoracic cavity or thorax aka rib cage.
Ch 7 - recognize, define, spell and pronounce the primary terms related to the pathology and the diagnostic and treatment procedures of the respiratory system.
COPD, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, upper respiratory infections, rhinitis, croup, diphtheria, epistaxus, flu, pertussis aka Whoopi g cough, sinusitis, pharyngitis, phobia, dysphonia, laryngitis, tracheorrhagia, bronchitis, pleurisy, pyothorax, empyema, hemothorax, pneumothorax, ARDS, atelectasis, pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolism, pneumorrhagia, tuberculosis, pneumonia, interstitial lung disease, pulmonary fibrosis, asbestosis, silicosis, pneumoconiosis, cystic fibrosis, lung cancer.
Diagnostics include… respiratory rate, respiratory sounds, exam of bronchi, chest x-ray, laryngoscopy, peak flow meter, plus others.
Treatment with antitrust, bronchodilator, inhaler, nebulizer, controller and emergency meds, surgeries, therapies like cpap, bipap, o2.
Ch 8 - digestive system major structures and functions.
Ingestion, secretion, movement, digestion, absorption, excretion
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach = upper GI tract. Transport food from entry into the body.
small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus = lower GI tract (aka bowels). Digestion is completed and waste material is prepared for expulsion from the body.
liver, gallbladder, and pancreas = accessory organs of digestive system.
Ch 8 - describe the process of digestion, absorption and metabolism
Digestion is the process by which complex foods are broken down into nutrients in a form the body can use. Metabolism includes all the processes involved in the body’s use of nutrients and consists of two parts… anabolism and catabolism. Anabolism is the building up of body cells and substances from nutrients and catabolism is the breaking down of body cells or substances releasing energy and carbon dioxide. Absorption is the process by which completely digested nutrients are transported to the cells throughout the body. Blood vessels and lacteals within villi on the small intestines absorb nutrients. The blood belles absorb directly from the digestive system into the bloodstream and the lacteals, which are part of the lymphatic system absorb fats and fat soluble vitamins that cannot be transported directly by the bloodstream. Instead they absorb them and transport through lymphatic vessels. They are filtered by lymph nodes in preparation for delivery into the bloodstream.
Ch 8 - recognize, define, spell and pronounce the primary terms related to the pathology and the diagnostic and treatment procedures of the digestive system.
CT scan, abdominal ultrasound, cholangiography, enema, esohogogastroduodenoscopy, upper and lower GI series, stool samples, endoscopy, colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, fecal blood test, cologuard. Antioxidants, probiotics and prebiotics, ppi’s, antiemetic, laxative, antacids, iv fluid, gastrectomy, nasogastric intubation, gastronomy tube, bariatric surgery - gastric bypass and lap band, gastroplasty, diverticultectomy, ileectomy, colostomy, hemorrhoidectomy, proctopexy, hepatectomy, liver transplant, choledocholithotomy, cholecystectomy.
Ch 9 - structures of the urinary system
Kidneys filter blood to remove waste products, maintain electrolyte concentrations and remove excess water to maintain fluid volume; renal pelvis collects urine produced by the kidneys; urine is liquid waste; ureters transport urine from kidneys to bladder; urinary bladder stores urine until excreted; urethra transports urine from bladder to urethral meats where it is excreted; and prostate which is a gland of the male reproductive system that surrounds the male urethra.
Ch 9 - medical specialists who treat disorders of the urinary system
Nephrologist = kidney specialist
Urologist = urinary specialist
Ch 9 - recognize, define, spell and pronounce the primary terms related to the pathology and the diagnostic and treatment procedures of the urinary system.
Renal failure, uremia, chronic kidney disease, end stage renal disease, nephrotic syndrome (aka nephrosis), edema, hyperproteinuria, hyperproteinemia, minimal change disease in children, hydronephrosis, stones, nephrolithiasis, hydroureter, ureterectasis, ureterorrhagia, cystalgia, cystitis, vesicoureteral reflux, fistula, neurogenic bladder, benign prostatic hyperplasia (aka enlarged prostate), urethrorrhagia, urethrorrhea, urethra stenosis, epispadias, hypospadias, UTI, anuria, diuresis, dysuria, enuresis, nocturia, oliguria, ischuria, incontinence, overactive bladder.
Urinalysis, ultrasound, catheterization, cytoscopy, voiding cystourethrography, computer tomography, glomerular filtration rate, cystography, pyelography, urography, KUB, rectal exam, PSA blood test, diuretics, antibiotics and antispasmodics, nutritional changes.
Dialysis, hemodialysis, nephrolysis, nephrotic, nephrostomy, pyelotomy, renal transplantation, shockwave lithrotripsy, nephrolithotomy, ureterectomy, ureteroscopy, custectomy, urinary ileostomy, cystopexy, lithotomy, cysterorrhaphy, catheterization, meatotomy, urethroplasty, urethrotomy, ablation, prostatectomy, hormone therapy, kegel exercises, bladder training.
Ch 10 - nervous system and mental health
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs and receptors, eyes, ears, nose, skin and tongue
Ch 10 - difference between neurons and glial cells.
Neurons are the basic cells of the nervous system that allow different parts of the body to communicate with each other. Three types of neurons (ACE) and functions are (SAM).
Glial cells provide support and protection for neurons, with 4 main functions: surround and protect neurons, supply nutrients, insulate one neuron from another and destroy and remove dead neurons.
Ch 10 - disorders of the nervous system.
Multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, stroke, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), bipolar disorder, schizophrenia.
Ch 10 - the two parts of the nervous system
Brain and spinal cord
Ch 11 - structures and functions of the eyes and their accessory structures
Eyes are the receptor organs of sight and their functions are to receive images and transmit them to the brain.
Structures are: eyeball and adnexa. The adnexa (outside the eyeball) include the orbit (eye socket), eye muscles (bony cavity of the skull that protects - superior and inferior oblique muscles, superior and inferior rectus muscles, lateral and medial rectus muscles), eyelids, eyelashes, eyebrows (can this, cilia, tarsus), conjunctiva (transport mucous membrane), and lacrimal apparatus (tear ducts, canals, sac, tears).
The eyeball is divided into 2 segments: anterior and posterior segments. Anterior makes up front 1/3 of the eyeball. This segment is further divided into anterior and posterior chambers. Anterior chamber is located behind the cornea in front of the iris. The posterior chamber is located behind the iris and in front of the ligaments holding the lens in place. The chambers are filled with aqueous fluid to help nourish and maintain shape. Intraocular pressure is a measurement of the fluid inside the eye. The posterior segment makes up the remaining 2/3 of the eyeball is lined with the retina and filled with vitreous gel. This gel contains millions of fine fibers are attached to the surface of the retina to help the eye maintain its shape. Structures of the retina are rods and cones macular the fovea centralis, and the optic nerve as well as the optic disc a.k.a. the blind spot. It’s called the Blindspot because it does not contain any rides or cones to convert images into nerve impulses.
The uvea is the pigmented layer of the eye and consists of the choroid, ciliary body, and iris. The cornea is a transparent outer surface of the eye, covering the iris and pupil. It is the primary structure, focusing light raise entering the eye. The pupil is the black circular opening the center of the iris that permits like to enter the eye. The lens is the clear flexible curve structure that focuses images on the retina.The lenses located behind the Irish and the pupil.
Ch 11 - Terms related to the eyes and vision.
Ophthalmologist, optometrist, and optician.
Diseases: ptosis, chalazion, hordeolum (stye), legalities, ectropion, entropian, periorbital edema, conjunctivitis, dacryoadenitis, subconjunctival hemorrhage, xerophthalmia, uveitis, itritis, corneal abrasion and ulcer, diabetic retinopathy, anisocoria, cataract, floaters, photos, miosos, mydriasis, nystagmus, papilledema, retinal detachment, retinitis pigments, temporal arthritis, glaucoma, macular degeneration, diplopia, hemianopia, monochromatism, nyctalopia, photophobia, presbyopia, strabismus, esotropia, exotropia, refractive disorder, ametropia, astigmatism, hyperopia, myopia, blindness, amblyopia, scotoma.
Smelled chart measures visual activity. 20/20 is considered normal. The first number indicated the standard distance from the chart, which is 20 feet. The second number indicated the deviation from the norm based on the ability to read progressively smaller lines on the chart. A refraction test is done to determine a nice refractive error so that the best corrective lenses can be prescribed. A diopter is the unit of measurement of a lenses refractive power. The cover test is an examination of how the two eyes work together and he is used to assess binocular vision. One eye at a time is covered while the patient focuses on an object across the room. Visual field testing also known as perimetry is performed to determine losses in peripheral vision. Perform means occurring away from the center.
Diagnostic procedures: ophthalmoscopy, dilation, mydriatic drops, slit-lamp ophthalmoscopy, fluorescein staining and angiography, PERRLA, tonometry, orbitotomy, tarsorrhaphy, corneal transplant, enueation, ocular prosthesis, iridectomy, radial keratotomy, scleral buckle, vitrectomy, lensectomy, phacoemulsification, intraocular lens, corrective lenses, laser treatments.
Ch 11 - structures and functions of the ears
Receptor organs of hearing and functions are to receive sound impulses and transmit to brain.
AD = right ear
AS = left ear
AU = both ears
3 regions: outer, middle, and inner ear
Outer ear: pinna, external auditory canal
Inner ear: transmits sound across the space between outer and inner ear. Tympanic membrane (eardrum), mastoid process (temporal bone), auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), Eustachian tubes,.
Inner ear contains the sensory receptors for hearing and balance. The structures of the inner ear are like a maze like system known as the labyrinth. There is the over window, the cochlea, the organ of Corti, and three semi circular canals, connected to the cochlea by the vestibule acoustic nerves, which is made up of two parts. Cochlear nerves and vestibular nerves.
Normal actions of the ears are air, bone and sensorineural conduction.
Ch 11 - terms related to ears and hearing
Two medical specialties related to the ear ears are audiologist and speech language pathologist.
Diseases of the outer ears: impacted cerumen, otalgia, otitis, otomycosis, otopyorrhea, otorrhea, otorrhagia.
Diseases of the inner ear: barotrauma, cholesterols, mastoiditis, infectious myringitis, otitis media, otosclerosis.
Disease of the inner ear: laryngitis, vertigo, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, Ménière’s disease, newstinnitus, acoustic neuroma, deafness, presbycusis, conductive hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss, noise-induced hearing loss.
Diagnostic procedures: auditorial evaluation, monaural testing, biaural testing, tympanometry, acoustic reflectometry, Weber and Rinne test.
Treatment: outer ear - otoplasty; middle - ear tubes, mastoidectomy, myringotomy, stapedectomy, tympanoplasty; inner - labyrinthecromy, vestibular rehabilitation therapy.
Treatment for hearing loss - assistive listening device, cochlear implant, fenestration, hearing aids.
Ch 12 - functions and structures of the integumentary system.
Made up of the skin… the term interment comes from the Latin word meaning to cover or enclose. Skin waterproofs the body; unbroken skin blocks entrance of pathogens; receptor for sense of touch; helps body synthesize vitamin D; skin is largest bodily organ. Related structures are the sebaceous glands, sweat, glands, hair and nails.
The skin is made up of three basic layers, the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layers. Cutaneous means pertaining to the skin. The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin made up of several specialized epithelial tissues.
Ch 12 - pathology and diagnostic procedures related to integumentary system
Pathology - skin:acne vulgar is, comedo (zit), epidermis cyst, seborrhea, seborrheic dermatitis and keratosis. Sweat glands: anhidrosis, diaphoresis, heat rash, hyperhydrosis, sleep hyperhydrosis. Hair: follicles, trichomycosis axillaris, hirsutism, alopecia, alopecia areata, totalis, universalis, androgenic alopecia. Nails: clubbing, koilonychia, onyxhia, onychocryptosis, onychomycosis, paronychia. Skin pigmentation: acanthosis nigricans, age spots (solar lentigines, liver spots), albinism, chloasma (melasma), vitiligo. Bleeding into the skin: contusion, ecchymosis, purpura, petechiae, hematoma. Surface lesions: lesion, scab, erosion, macule, nodule, papule, plaque, scales, verrucae, welt. Fluid-filled lesions: abscess, purulent, exudate, cyst, pustule, vesicle, bulla. Lesions through the skin: abrasion, fissure, laceration, pressure sore, needle stick injury, ulcer. Birthmarks: pigmented, vascular (aka salmon or red), capillary hemangioma (aka hemangioma), port-wine stain (on face needs treatment). Dermatitis: contact dermatitis, eczema (aka atopic dermatitis), exfoliative dermatitis, pruritis (aka itching). Erythema (redness due to capillary dilation): fifth disease (aka e infectiosum), e multiforme, pernio (aka chilblains), sunburn, exanthem, hand foot and mouth disease. General skin conditions: Bacterial skin infections: Fungal skin infections:
Parasitic skin infections:
Skin growth:
Skin cancer:
Burns:
Diagnostic procedures: biopsy (incisional, excisional, needle, and skin scraping (aka exfoliative cytology).
Treatment - preventative measures: sunscreen, burn treatment, tissue removal (cauterization, chemabrasion, cryosurgery, curettage, debridement, dermabrasion, electrodessication, incision, Mohs surgery. Laser and light source treatment. Medications: retinoids (isotretinoin, tretinoin), topical steroids. Cosmetic procedures: blepharoplasty (lid lift), Botox, collagen replacement therapy, dermaplasty, electrolysis, lipectomy, liposuction, rhytidectomy, sclerotherapy.
Ch 12 - medical specialists related to the skin
Dermatologist, plastic surgeon and cosmetic surgeon.
Ch 13 - Structures of the endocrine system.
13 major glands:
1 pituitary gland (divided into 2 lobes, anterior and posterior) hang from below the hypothalamus. P gland secretes hormones that control the activity of other endocrine glands. Anterior lobe hormones secreted are ACTH, FSH, GH, LTH, LH, MSH, TSH. Posterior lobe secreted hormones are ADH and OXT.
1 pineal gland - very small, aka pineal gland, located centrally in brain and shaped like a pinecone, influence the sleep-wakefulness cycle, secretions include: melatonin
1 thyroid gland - butterfly shaped, lies on either side of the larynx, regulated body’s metabolism, also influences growth and functioning of the nervous system, the two primary thyroid hormones regulate the rate of metabolism and affect the growth and rate of function of many other body systems: thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), the thyroid-stimulating hormone (produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland) controls the rate of secretion of these two hormones, calcitonin is also produced by thyroid to decrease calcium levels in the blood and tissues by moving calcium into storage in bones and teeth
4 parathyroid glands - each are about the size of a grain of rice, embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland, primary function is to regulate calcium levels throughout the body, secretions work with calcitonin and together they regulate calcium levels
1 thymus - located near the midline in the anterior portion of the thoracic cavity and it is behind the sternum and slightly above the heart, functions by secreting a hormone that’s part of the immune system, helping develop the body’s immune system before birth and in childhood, its function is greatly reduced after puberty and slowly turns into fatty tissue, secretions include thymosin which stimulated the maturation of lymphocytes into T cells
1 pancreas (pancreatic islets) - a feather-shaped organ located posterior to the stomach and functions as part of both the digestive and endocrine system, the islets are what have endocrine functions, these islets control blood glucose levels and glucose metabolism throughout the body, secretions include glucose, glucagon, insulin
2 adrenal glands - aka suprarenals, located on top of each kidney, each have outer (adrenal cortex), and middle (adrenal medulla), primary function is to control electrolyte levels within the body, also help regulate metabolism and interact with the sympathetic nervous system in response to stress, secretions from adrenal cortex include androgens (sex hormones secreted by the gonads, the adrenal cortex and fat cells, corticosteroids (aldosterone and cortisol), secretions from adrenal medulla include epinephrine (adrenaline), and norepinephrine (both a hormone and a neurohormone) which plays important role in fight or flight
2 gonads (either a pair of ovaries in females or a pair of testicles in males) - gamete-producing glands (ovaries in female and testicles in male), responsible for the development and maintenance of the secondary sex characteristics developed during puberty, secretes estrogen, progesterone (female), testosterone (mostly male)
Special hormones: steroids, leptin, ghrelin,
Ch 13 - difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus / complications
Diabetes mellitus is most common endocrine system disease, metabolic syndrome, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, type 1.5 diabetes (latent autoimmune diabetes in adults), gestational diabetes mellitus, diabetic coma, diabetic shock
Complications: diabetic retinopathy, heart disease, ketosis, kidney disease, peripheral neuropathy.
Diagnostics:
Fasting blood sugar, test, oral glucose tolerance, test, hormone, blood glucose, monitoring, random blood glucose test, hemoglobin A1c testing, fructosamine test.
Ch 13 - role of endocrine glands in maintaining homeostasis
Endocrine system produces hormones that maintain homeostasis. Hormones are chemical messengers that are secreted by the endocrine glands directly into the bloodstream so they reach targeted cells and organs throughout the body.
Ch 13 - medical specialties related to the endocrine system
Endocrinologist, certified diabetes educator
Ch 13 - pathology of/ diagnostics / treatment for the endocrine system
Pituitary gland - Acromegaly, gigantism, hyperpituitarism, short stature, pituitary adenoma, galactorrhea, prolactinoma, diabetes insipidus, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
Pineal gland - pinealoma
Thyroid gland - thyroid carcinoma (most common cancer of endocrine system), insufficient thyroid secretion: hashimoto’s disease (aka chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis), hypothyroidism (aka under active thyroid), cretinism, myxedema (adult hypothyroidism), excessive: thyroid nodules, thyroid storm (aka thyroxin crisis), hyperthyroidism (aka thyrotoxicosis), Graves’ disease (causes goiter or protrusion of the eyeball)
Parathyroid glands - hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, hypercalcemia, hypocalcemia
Thymus - thymitis
Pancreas - insulinoma, pancreatitis, hyperglycemia, polydipsia, Polyphagia, Polyuria, hyperinsulinism, hypoglycemia
Adrenal glands - Addison’s disease, adrenalitis, aldosteronism, Conn’s syndrome, pheochromocytoma, Cushing’s syndrome
Gonad’s - hypergonadism, hypogonadism, gynecomastia
Diagnostics:
Thyroid - radioactive iodine uptake test, thyroid-stimulating hormone assay, thyroid scan.
Treatment:
Pituitary gland - human growth hormone, hypophysectomy.
Pineal gland - pinealextomy
Thyroid gland - antithyroid drug, radioactive iodine treatment, lobectomy, synthetic thyroid hormones.
Parathyroid gland - parathyroidectomy
Thymus - thymectomy
Pancreas - pancreatectomy
Adrenal glands - laparoscopic adrenalectomy, cortisone, epinephrine auto injector.
Ch 14 - major functions structures of the male reproductive system
Ch 14 - pathology, diagnostic, and treatment procedures of the male reproductive system
Ch 14 - names of transmitted diseases
Ch 14 - major functions and structures of the female reproductive system
Ch 14 - pathology, diagnostic, and treatment procedures of the female reproductive system and woman during pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum
Ch 15 - describe the vital signs for most patients
Ch 15 - primary terms associated with basic examination procedures and positions
Ch 15 - primary terms associated with frequently performed blood and urinalysis laboratory tests
Ch 15 - primary terms associated with radiography and imaging techniques
Ch 15 - uses of nuclear medicine in diagnosis and treatment
Ch 15 - pharmacology terms
Ch 15 - most common types of complementary and alternative therapies
