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Medical Terminology > Medical Terminology Vocab-Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Medical Terminology Vocab-Chapter 2 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Anatomical Reference Systems

A

Terms used to describe the location of body planes, directions, and cavities.

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2
Q

Structures of the Body

A

The cells, tissues, and glands that form the body systems that work together to enable the body to function properly.

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3
Q

Genetics

A

The genetic components that transfer characteristics from parents to their child.

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4
Q

Tissues

A

A group of similarly specialized cells that work together to perform specific functions.

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5
Q

Glands

A

A group of specialized cells that is capable of producing secretions.

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6
Q

Body Systems and Related Organs

A

Organs are somewhat independent parts of the body that perform specific functions. Organs with related functions are organized into body systems.

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7
Q

Pathology

A

The study of the nature and cause of disease that involve changes in structure and function.

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8
Q

Abdominal Cavity

A

The body cavity that contains the major organs of digestion

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9
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of the structures of the body

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10
Q

Physiology

A

The study of the functions of the structures of the body

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11
Q

Anatomic Position

A

Describes the body standing in the standard position

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12
Q

Body Planes

A

Imaginary verticals and horizontal lines used to divide the body into sections for descriptive purposes

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13
Q

Midsagittal Plane

A

Divides the body into equal left and right halves

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14
Q

Transverse Plane

A

Divides the body into superior and inferior portions

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15
Q

Frontal Plane

A

Divides the body into anterior or ventral and posterior or dorsal portions

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16
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

A vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions

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17
Q

Adenectomy

A

The surgical removal of a gland

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18
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

A malignant tumor that originates in glandular tissue

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19
Q

Adenoma

A

A benign tumor that arises in or resembles glandular tissue

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20
Q

Adenomalacia

A

Abnormal softening of a gland

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21
Q

Adenosclerosis

A

Abnormal hardening of a gland

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22
Q

Cephalic

A

Toward the head

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23
Q

Caudal

A

Toward the feet

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24
Q

Ventral Surface

A

Front of the body

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25
Q

Posterior

A

Situated in the back or on the back part of an organ

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26
Q

Dorsal Surface

A

Back of the body

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27
Q

Proximal

A

Refers to a structure being closer to the root of the limb than another structure in that limb

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28
Q

Distal

A

Refers to a structure being further away from the root of the limb than another structure in that limb

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29
Q

Medial

A

Refers to a structure being closer to the midline or median plane of the body than another structure of the body

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30
Q

Lateral

A

Refers to a structure being farther away from the midline than another structure of the body

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31
Q

Ventral

A

Refers to the front, or belly side, of the organ or body

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32
Q

Dorsal

A

Refers to the back of the organ or body

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33
Q

Anterior

A

Situated in the front, on the front or forward part of an organ

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34
Q

Anaplasia

A

A change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other

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35
Q

Anomaly

A

A deviation from what is regarded as normal

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36
Q

Aplasia

A

The defective development or congenital absence of an organ or tissue

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37
Q

Bloodborne Transmission

A

The spread of a disease through contact with blood or other body fluids contaminated with blood

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38
Q

Chromosome

A

A genetic structure located within the nucleus of each cell

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39
Q

Communicable Disease

A

Any disease transmitted from one person to another either directly or by indirect contact with contaminated objects

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40
Q

Superior

A

Uppermost, above, or towards the head

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41
Q

Inferior

A

Lowermost, below, or toward the feet

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42
Q

Congenital Disorder

A

An abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth

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43
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The material located with the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus

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44
Q

Dysplasia

A

Abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs

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45
Q

Endemic

A

Referring to the ongoing presence of a disease, such as the common cold, within a population, group, or area

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46
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

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47
Q

Epidemic

A

A sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area

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48
Q

Epigastric Region

A

The region located above the stomach

49
Q

Etiology

A

The study of the causes of diseases

50
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

Glands that secrete chemical substances into ducts leading either to other organs or out of the body

51
Q

Functional Disorder

A

Produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified

52
Q

Genetic Disorder

A

A pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene

53
Q

Geriatrician

A

A physician who specializes in the care of older people

54
Q

Hemophilia

A

A group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which a blood clotting factor is missing

55
Q

Histology

A

The microscopic study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues

56
Q

Homeostasis

A

The process through which the body maintains a constant internal environment

57
Q

Hyperplasia

A

The enlargement of an organ or tissues because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues

58
Q

Hypertrophy

A

A general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size, but not in the number, of the cells in the tissues

59
Q

Hypogastric Region

A

The region of the abdomen that is located below the stomach

60
Q

Hypoplasia

A

The incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells

61
Q

Iatrogenic Illness

A

Unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment

62
Q

Idiopathic Disorder

A

An illness without known cause

63
Q

Infectious Disease

A

Illness caused by a living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses

64
Q

Inguinal

A

Relating to the groin; refers to the entire lower portion of the abdomen including the groin

65
Q

Mesentery

A

The fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall

66
Q

Nosocomial Infection

A

A disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting

67
Q

Pandemic

A

A disease outbreak occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide

68
Q

Peritoneum

A

The multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity

69
Q

Peritonitis

A

Inflammation of the peritoneum

70
Q

Phenylketonuria

A

A genetic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing

71
Q

Retroperitoneal

A

Located behind the peritoneum

72
Q

Stem Cells

A

Specialized cells that renew themselves for long periods of time through cell division and can be transformed into cells with specific functions

73
Q

Umbilicus

A

The pit in the center of the abdominal wall that marks where the umbilical cord was attached before birth

74
Q

Vector-borne Transmission

A

The spread of a disease due to the bite of a vector capable of transmitting that disease

75
Q

Coronal Plane

A

Divides the body into front and back sections

76
Q

Parietal

A

Cavity wall

77
Q

Visceral

A

Relating to the internal organs

78
Q

Cytology

A

The study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology and chemistry of the cell

79
Q

Cytologist

A

A specialist in the study and analysis of cells

80
Q

Cell Membrane

A

The tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of a cell from the external environment

81
Q

Nucleus

A

A structure within the cell. Two important functions: controls the activities of the cell and helps the cell divide

82
Q

Undifferentiated

A

Not having a specialized function or structure

83
Q

Differentiated

A

Having a specialized function or structure

84
Q

Somatic Stem Cells

A

Adult stem cells that are undifferentiated cells found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ. Primary role is to maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found

85
Q

Hemopoietic

A

Blood forming

86
Q

Graft-Versus-Host Disease

A

A systemic disorder that occurs when the graft’s immune cells recognize the host as foreign and attack the recipient’s body cells

87
Q

Embryonic Stem Cells

A

Undifferentiated cells that are unlike any specific adult cell; can form any adult cell

88
Q

Gene

A

A fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity

89
Q

Dominant Gene

A

A gene inherited from either parent, the offspring will inherit that genetic condition or characteristic. Won’t gain the trait if only carrying one recessive gene

90
Q

Recessive Gene

A

When the same recessive gene is inherited from both parents, the offspring will have that condition

91
Q

Genome

A

Complete set of genetic information of an organism

92
Q

Somatic

A

Pertaining to the body

93
Q

Somatic Cell

A

Any cell in the body except the gametes(sex cells)

94
Q

Gamete

A

Sex cells(sperm or egg)

95
Q

Genetic Mutation

A

A change of the sequence of a DNA molecule

96
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

A genetic disorder that is present at birth and affects both respiratory and digestive systems

97
Q

Down Syndrome

A

A genetic variation that is associated with a characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, developmental delays, and physical abnormalities such as heart valve disease

98
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A

A genetic disorder that is passed from parent to child, this condition causes nerve degeneration

99
Q

Muscular Dystrophy

A

Progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement

100
Q

4 Main Types of Tissue

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle and Nerve

101
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

A protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body(also forms glands)

102
Q

Epithelium

A

The specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous membranes

103
Q

Endothelium

A

The specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands and organs

104
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Supports and connects organs and other body tissues

105
Q

Dense Connective Tissue

A

Bone and cartilage, forms joints and framework of the body

106
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

Fat, provides protective padding, insulation, and support

107
Q

Loose Connective Tissue

A

Surrounds various organs and supports both nerve cells and blood vessels

108
Q

Liquid Connective Tissue

A

Blood and lymph, transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body

109
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Contains cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax

110
Q

Nerve Tissue

A

Contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses

111
Q

Adenoids

A

A mass of gland-like lymphoid tissue at the back of the upper pharynx

112
Q

Vector

A

Insects, or animals such as flies, mites, fleas, ticks, rats, and dogs

113
Q

Premature Birth

A

A birth that occurs earlier than 37 weeks of development

114
Q

Birth Injuries

A

Congenital disorders that were not present before the events surrounding the time of birth

115
Q

Internist

A

A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the internal organs

116
Q

Pediatrician

A

A physician who specializes in diagnosing, treating and preventing diseases and disorders of infants and children

117
Q

Physician Assistant

A

A licensed professional who works under the supervision of a physician

118
Q

Acuity

A

Refers to the level of severity of an illness

Medical Terminology (9 decks)

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