Medical Terminology Chs. 4-5 Flashcards
1
Q
diagnosis
A
identification of a disease or condition by scientific evaluation
2
Q
prognosis
A
predicted outcome of a disease
3
Q
acute
A
short, severe course
4
Q
chronic
A
exists over long period of time
5
Q
signs of disease
A
objective / definitive evidence of illness, observed by examiner
6
Q
symptoms
A
subjective changes in feelings as reported by patient
7
Q
specimen
A
small sample taken to represent nature of a whole
8
Q
pulse
A
rhythmic expansion of artery as the heart beats
pulse rate = count of heartbeats per minute
9
Q
respiration
A
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide within body / breathing
10
Q
tympanic thermometer
A
measures temperature via external opening of ear canal
11
Q
blood pressure
A
pressure exerted by blood on walls of arteries, veins, and chambers of heart
12
Q
systolic pressure
A
maximum pressure on artery (top number)
13
Q
diastolic pressure
A
pressure on artery when heart is relaxed (bottom number)
14
Q
inspection
A
examiner’s use of eyes / ears to observe patient
15
Q
palpation
A
examiner’s feeling of texture / size / location of body parts
16
Q
percussion
A
examiner’s tapping of fingertips on body to evaluate size / location / borders of organs and fluids
17
Q
auscultation
A
examiner’s listening of internal sounds of body (heart, lungs, etc.)
18
Q
endoscope
A
instrument used for visualization of interior of body cavity / organ
19
Q
endoscopy
A
visual inspection of body using endoscope
20
Q
catheter
A
hollow tube inserted into body cavity to withdraw / instill fluids
21
Q
catheterization
A
introduction of a catheter
22
Q
invasive procedure
A
procedure that requires entry into a body cavity
23
Q
computed radiography
A
image data from radiography is converted to electronic signals, displayed on a monitor
24
Q
ech/o, son/o
A
sound
25
fluor/o
emitting / reflecting light
26
radi/o
radiant energy
27
tom/o
to cut
28
radiography
(used to be) premier form of diagnostic imaging; use of x-rays, or radiographs
29
radiopaque
radiolucent
substances that do not permit passage of x-rays
substances that readily permit passage of x-rays
30
computed tonography
use of radiation to produced detailed image of cross-section of tissue; noninvasive (ex. CAT scan)
31
magnetic resonance imaging
creates image of internal structure based on magnetic properties of chemical elements in body (or MRI)
32
sonography / ultrasonography
process of imaging deep structures of body by sending high-frequency sound waves
33
sonogram / echogram
record produced by sonographic procedure
34
fluoroscopy
visual examination of internal organ using fluoroscope
35
pharmaceuticals
medicinal drugs
36
radiopharmaceuticals
radioactive pharmaceuticals (help with imaging --> gamma cameras can detect the radioactivity, form an image based on its location in body)
37
positron emission tomography (PET)
nuclear medicine scan; computed tomography (CAT) + radioactive substances to enhance images of some body parts (heart, brain)
38
radiotherapy
treatment of tumors by use of radiation (ex. radiation oncology)
39
therapeutic
pertaining to therapy
40
algesi/o
sensitivity to pain
41
chem/o
chemical (ex. chemotherapy)
42
pharmac/o, pharmaceut/i
drugs / medicine
43
plast/o
repair
44
therapeut/o
treatment
45
tox/o
poison
46
-therapy
treatment
47
embryos
cells from early stages of development until 8th week of incubation
48
stem cells
cells that can divide without limit / give rise to specialized cells
49
somatic cell
cells with 23 pairs of chromosomes (in humans) (ex. nerve cell, muscle cell, blood cell)
50
tissue
group of cells that perform the same basic activity
51
epithelial tissue
covers internal, external surfaces (ex. skin, lining of cavities)
52
connective tissue
supports / binds body tissue and other parts
53
muscular tissue
composed of contractible fibers (causes movement of other body parts)
54
nervous tissue
conducts impulses; connects brain, spinal cords with other parts of body
55
organ
two or more tissue types that work together to perform one / many function(s)
56
body system
several organs that work together to accomplish a set of functions
57
homeostasis
regulation of the constant internal environment of the human body
58
muscular system
makes movement possible
59
skeletal system
provides protection, shape for body; stores minerals, some blood cells
60
cardiovascular system
delivers oxygen, nutrients throughout body; transports waste to lungs, kidneys
61
lymphatic system
maintains internal fluid environment, regulates immunity
62
respiratory system
brings oxygen into body, releases carbon dioxide
63
digestive system
provide body with water, nutrients; remove solid waste
64
urinary system
filter blood to remove waste; maintain electrolyte balance
65
reproductive system
facilitates procreation
66
integumentary system
external covering of body; regulation of temperature, water content
67
nervous system
coordination of reception of stimuli; transmission of signals for movement
68
endocrine system
secretion of hormones
69
ana-
upward, excessive
70
-plasia
development / formation of tissue
71
aplasia
lack of development of organ / tissue
72
dysplasia
abnormal development of tissue (cells with different sizes, shapes, appearance)
73
hypoplasia
underdevelopment of organ / tissue
74
hyperplasia
abnormal increase in number of cells in a tissue
75
hypertrophy
increase in size of organ b/c of increase in size of cells (NOT number of cells)
76
anaplasia
malignant tumors; change in structure or orientation of cells --> loss of differentiation
77
anatomic position
person's position when standing erect, arms at sides, palms forward
78
anter/o, anterior
nearer to / towards front
79
poster/o, posterior
nearer to / towards back
80
ventr/o, ventral
belly side
81
dors/o, dorsal
directed toward / situated on back side
82
medi/o, medial, median
middle or near middle
83
later/o, lateral
toward the side
84
super/o, superior
uppermost / above
85
infer/o, inferior
lowermost / below
86
proxim/o, proximal
nearer to origin / point of attachment
87
dist/o, distal
far or distant from point of attachment
88
cephal/o, cephalad
toward the head
89
caud/o, caudad
toward the tail (inferior direction)
90
intern/o, internal
inside / within
91
extern/o, external
outside
92
frontal / coronal plane
divides body into front / back positions
93
transverse plane
divides body into upper / lower positions
94
sagittal plane
divides body into right / left sides
midsagittal plane: two equal halves
95
prone
lying on the belly (face down or to side)
96
supine
lying on the back (face up)
97
recumbent
lying down
98
ambulent
person who is able to walk
99
dorsal cavity
near posterior part of body
contains cranial (brain), spinal (spinal cord) cavities
100
ventral cavity
near anterior part of body
contains viscera (thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity)
101
diaphragm
dome-shaped partition that functions in respiration
102
peritoneum
membrane lining abdominopelvic cavity; enfolds internal organs
103
adhesion
sticking together of two structures that are normally separate
104
torso
chest, abdomen, pelvis
105
abdomin/o
abdomen
106
acr/o
extremities
107
cyst/o
cyst / bladder / sac
108
dactyl/o
digit (toes / fingers)
109
lapar/o
abdominal wall
110
omphal/o, umbilic/o
umbilicus (navel)
111
onych/o
nail
112
pelv/i
pelvis
113
perton/o
peritoneum
114
som/a, somat/o
body
115
acral
pertaining to extremities
116
abdominal quadrants
divisions used to describe the location of pain / body structures
117
pelvis
lower portion of body trunk
118
abdominothoracic
pertaining to abdomen and thorax
119
ascites
abnormal accumulation of fluid in peritoneal cavity
120
palmar
pertaining to palm
121
plantar
pertaining to bottom of foot
122
chiropody
pertaining to hands and feet
123
intracellular
within the cells
124
extracellular
outside the cells
125
interstitial fluid
extracellular fluid that fills spaces between cells
126
edema
accumulation of fluid in interstitial compartment
127
dacry/o, lacrim/o
tear / tearing / crying
128
hidr/o
sweat / perspiration
129
hydr/o
water
130
-poiesis
production
131
-poietin
substance that causes production
132
sial/o
saliva
133
sudoriferous glands
sweat glands
134
endocrine grlands
secrete hormones into bloodstream
135
purulent
producing / containing pus
136
coagul/o
coagulation
137
cyt/o
cell
138
thromb/o
clot
139
-penia
deficiency
140
plasma
straw-colored fluid that makes up about 1/2 of blood
141
hematology
study of blood and blood-forming tissues
142
hemodialysis
process of diffusing blood through semipermeable membrane (to remove toxins)
143
hematoma
localized collection of clotted blood in organ, tissue, or space
--> caused by rupture in wall of blood vessel
144
blood coagulation
transformation of blood from liquid to solid
145
fibrin
substance that forms in a blood clot, entangling cells
146
thrombosis
formation of internal blood clots
147
platelets
small structures in blood that are important for clotting
also called thrombocytes
148
thrombocytopenia
deficiency of platelets; increased time for blood clotting to occur
149
hemoglobin
red, iron-containing pigment in RBCs that transports oxygen
150
anemia
deficiency in number of red blood cells and / or concentration of hemoglobin
151
pallor
paleness
152
phagocytes
cells that can ingest / destroy particulate substances (bacteria, protozoa, other cells)
153
erythrocyte
red blood cell; transports oxygen
154
leukocyte
white blood cell; defends body
155
leukemia
progressive, malignant disease of blood-forming organs
--> increase in # of leukocytes, presence of immature forms of leukocytes
156
susceptibility
being vulnerable to a disease or disorder
157
resistance
body's natural ability to counteract microorganisms or toxins
158
inflammation
initial defense mechanism
--> increased circulation in area affected by irritation or injury
159
phagocytosis
ingestion / destruction of microorganisms
160
interferon
cell-produced protein that protects cells from viral infection
161
complement
protein that promotes inflammation, phagocytosis; causes bacterial cells to rupture
162
immunity
body's ability to counteract effects of infectious organisms (selective resistance)
163
antigen
any substance that the body regards as foreign
164
antibody
disease-fighting protein produced by immune system, in response to presence of antigen
--> specific to type of antigen
165
immunization
process where resistance to an infectious disease is induced / augmented
166
active immunity
person's own body produces the antibodies
167
passive immunity
antibodies are produced in another animal, then transported to an individual
--> antibodies only last a short period of time
168
vaccination
administration of antigenic material to induce immunity
169
immunocompromised
person whose immune response has been weakened by disease / immunosuppressive agent
170
hypersensitivity
excessive reaction to an antigen (ex. allergies)
171
anaphylaxis
exaggerated hypersensitivity to previously encountered antigen
--> itching, difficulty breathing, airway obstruction, shock
172
benign
favorable for recovery / unlikely to spread
173
malignant
tending to grow worse / probable to spread
174
metastasis
spreading from one part of body to another
175
primary tumor
neoplasm at site where it first arose
176
pathogen
microorganism capable of causing / producing disease
177
virus
small microorganism that replicates only within cells of other organisms
---> has no independent activity
178
bacteria
type of pathogen classified according to shape
179
fungi
microorganisms that feed by absorbing organic molecules from surroundings
180
protozoa
simplest organisms of animal kingdom; only sometimes pathogenic
