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Medical Termniology > Medical Terminology Chapter 9- key terms > Flashcards

Medical Terminology Chapter 9- key terms Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

The secretions of the endocrine glands are called?

A

hormones

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2
Q

the small gland in the brain that controls the other glands is the

A

pituitary gland

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3
Q

The glands that are located about the kidneys are the

A

adrenals

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4
Q

Gigantism results from overproduction of

A

growth hormone

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5
Q

diabetes mellitus involves the hormone insulin, which is made in the

A

pancreas

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6
Q

a goiter involves the

A

thyroid

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7
Q

parathyroid hormone regulates

A

cortisol

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8
Q

cushing disease is over activity of the

A

adrenal cortex

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9
Q

anterior pituitary gland hormones

A

GH (somatotropin), TSH, ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), LH, PRL (prolactin)

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10
Q

growth hormone

A

promotes growth of body tissues
(GH)

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11
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone

A

TSH
stimulates thyroid gland to produce TH

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12
Q

ACTH

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone
stimulate adrenal cortex to produce cortical hormones

-fight or flight

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13
Q

FSH

A

Follicle stimulating hormone
stimulates growth activity of the ovaries
stimulates testes growth and sperm cell

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14
Q

LH

A

luteinizing hormone
development of corpus luteum at ruptured ovarian follicle
stimulates testosterone in males

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15
Q

PRL

A

prolactin
milk secretion by mammary glands

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16
Q

posterior pituitary gland hormones

A

ADH
oxytocin

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17
Q

ADH

A

antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
promotes water reabsorption in kidneys
-blood vessels constrict

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18
Q

oxytocin

A

uterine contraction and milk production

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19
Q

thyroid gland hormones

A

thyroxine (TR) and Triiodothyronie (T3)
increased metabolic rate and heat
physical and mental activities

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20
Q

Parathyroid gland hormones

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
regulates calcium levels

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21
Q

adrenal cortex gland hormones

A

cortisol
aldosterone
sex hormones

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22
Q

cortisol

A

aids in metabolism, active during stress

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23
Q

aldosterone

A

regulates electrolytes

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24
Q

adrenal medulla glands hormones

A

epinephrine
response to stress

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25
Q

pancreatic islet gland hormones

A

insulin
glucagon

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26
Q

insulin

A

glucose transport into cells
decreases blood sugar levels

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27
Q

glucagon

A

stimulates rliver to release glucose
increases glucose levels

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28
Q

pineal gland hormones

A

melatonin
regulates mood, puberty

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29
Q

testis gland hormones

A

testosterone
growth and development of sexual organs for males

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30
Q

ovary gland hormones

A

estrogen
progesterone

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31
Q

estrogen

A

growth of sexual organs and characteristicsp

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32
Q

progesterone

A

preps uterine lining for implantation
maintains pregnancy
stimulates mammary glands

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33
Q

adrenal gland

A

superior surface of kidney
-cortex: steroid hormones
-medulla: adrenaline

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34
Q

endocrine

A

pertainning to a ductless gland that secretes hormones into the blood

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35
Q

hormone

A

a secretion of an endocrine gland

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36
Q

hypophysis

A

pituitary gland
“below gland” below the hypothalamus

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37
Q

hypothalamus

A

portion of the brain the controls the pituitary gland

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38
Q

pancreatic islet

A

cluster of endocrine cells in the pancreas
-secretes hormones to regulate glucose

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39
Q

parathyroid gland

A

small gland, on posterior thyroid
-increase blood calcium levels
4-6 glands

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40
Q

pineal gland

A

small gland in the brains
-regulates moods, daily rhythms
-responds to light
-melatonin

41
Q

pituitary gland

A

small gland at the base of the brain
-anterior lobe: growth hormone
-posterior lobe: ADH and oxytocin

42
Q

prostaglandins

A

hormones produced throughout the body
-variety of affects: uterine contractions, regulation of BP, blood clotting, inflammation

43
Q

receptor

A

site on the cell membrane or within the cell to which a substance attaches to

44
Q

steroid hormone

A

hormone made from lipids
-includes sex hormones, adrenal cortex hormones

45
Q

target tissue

A

the specific tissue which a hormone acts on

46
Q

thyroid gland

A

endocrine gland on sides of larynx and upper trachea
-secrets hormones that affect metabolism

47
Q

growth hormone abnormality

A

hyper: gigantism, acromegaly
hypo: dwarfism

48
Q

ADH abnormality

A

hyper: syndrome of inappropriate ADH
hypo: diabetes insipidus

49
Q

aldosterone abnormality

A

hyper: aldosteronism
hypo: addison’s disease

50
Q

cortisol abnormality

A

hyper: cushing syndrome
hypo: addison disease

51
Q

thyroid abnormality

A

hyper: graves disease, thyrotoxicosis
hypo: congenital and aulty hypothyroidism

52
Q

insulin abnormality

A

hyper: hypoglycemia
hypo: diabetes mellitus

53
Q

parathyroid hormone abnormality

A

hyper: bone degeneration
hypo: tetany

54
Q

acromegaly

A

overgrowth of bone and soft tissue
-hands, feet, face
-excess GH

55
Q

addison disease

A

disease resulting from deficiency of adrenocortical hormones

56
Q

adenoma

A

neoplasm of gland

57
Q

adult hypothyroidism

A

dry, waxy swelling in the face

58
Q

congenital hypothyroidism

A

lack of thyroid during development
-arrested physical and mental growth

59
Q

dushing disease

A

overactivity of the adrenal cortex
-excess ACTH by the pituitary

60
Q

cushing syndrome

A

excess hormones from adreanl cortex
-obseity, weakness, hyperglycemia, hypertension

61
Q

diabetes insipuidus

A

insufficient release of ADH from posterior pituitary
-excessive thirst, large amounts of diulted urine

62
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

disorder of glucose metabolism
-deficiency of insulin production
-type 1: autoimmune destruction of pancreatic islet cells
-type 2: due to lifestyle, excess glucose and not enough insul

63
Q

exophthalmos

A

protrusion of the eyeballs

64
Q

gigantism

A

overgrowth casued by excess growth hormone from pituitary during childhood

65
Q

glycated hemoglobin test (HbA1c)

A

measures binding of glucose to hemoglobin during the lifespan of a red blood cell
-average blood glucose level over 2-3 months

66
Q

glycosuria

A

excess glucose in urine

67
Q

goiter

A

enlargement of thryoid gland,
iodine deficiency

68
Q

graves disease

A

autoimmune disease results in hyperthyroidism
-exophthalmos

69
Q

hyperglycemia

A

excess glucose in the blood

70
Q

hypoglycemia

A

abnormally low level of glucose in blood

71
Q

insulin shock

A

condition resulting from an overdose of insulin
causes hypoglycemia

72
Q

ketoacidosis

A

acidosis caused by excess ketone bodies

73
Q

metabolic syndrome

A

hyperglycemia caused by cellular resistance to insulin
-type 2 diabetes

74
Q

panhypopituitarism

A

under activity of the entire pituitary glandt

75
Q

tetany

A

irritability and spasms of muscles
caused by low blood calcium

76
Q

sella turcica

A

saddle shaped depression in the sphenoid bone that contains the pituitary gland

77
Q

sphenoid bone

A

bone at the base of the skull

78
Q

adrenogenital syndrome

A

overproduction of androgens from adrenal cortex
-results in masculinization

79
Q

Conn syndrome

A

hyperaldosternoism by an adrenal tumor

80
Q

craniopharyngioma

A

benign tumor of the pituitary gland

81
Q

hashimoto disease

A

chronic thyroiditis of autoimmune origin

82
Q

impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)

A

high blood glucose levels after glucose intake
-borderline diabetes mellitus

83
Q

ketosis

A

accumulation of ketone bodies
deficiency or faulty metabolism of carbohydrates

84
Q

multiple endocrine neoplasia (Men)

A

hereditary disorder
-causes tumors in endocrine glands

85
Q

pheochromocytoma

A

benign tumor of the adrenal medulla

86
Q

pituitary apoplexy

A

sudden massive hemorrhage and degeneration of the pituitary gland associated with a pituitary tumor

87
Q

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

A

mood disorder with lethargy, depression, etc as related to melatonin levels

88
Q

simmonds disease

A

hypofunction of the anterior pituitary

89
Q

thyroid storm

A

sudden onset of thyrotoxicosis
-pts with hyperthyroidism who are untreated

90
Q

von recklinghausen disease

A

bone degeneration from excess parathyroid hormone

91
Q

fasting plasma glucose (FPG)

A

measurement of blood glucose after 8 hours of fasting
-indicates diabetes

92
Q

free thyroxine index (FTI, T7)

A

calculation based on the amount of T4 present and T3 uptake

93
Q

oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)

A

measurement of glucose leveles in blood plasma after glucose administration to fasting pts

94
Q

radioactive iodine uptake test

A

measures thyroid uptake of radioactive iodine

95
Q

radioimmunoassay

A

method of measuring small amounts of substance, especially hormones

96
Q

thyroid scan

A

visualization of the thyroid gland after administration of radioactive iodine

97
Q

thyroxine-binding globulin test

A

test that measures the main protein that binds T4 in the blood

98
Q

transsphenoidal adenomectomy

A

removal of a pituitary tumor through the sphenoid sinus

Medical Termniology (5 decks)

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