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Medical Science Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A disease-causing organism.

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2
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Any foreign particle that stimulates an immune response.

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3
Q

Describe chloroplasts.

A

Contain the green pigment chlorophyll. Site of photosynthesis. Located in plant cells only.

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4
Q

Describe a cell wall.

A

Made of cellulose. Protects the cell and gives it its rigid structure. Located in plant cells.

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5
Q

Describe the cytoplasm.

A

Jelly-like substance that fills the cell and contains many different organelles that perform specific tasks. Located in both types of cells.

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6
Q

Describe the cell membrane.

A

Holds the cytoplasm together and controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell. Located in both types of cells.

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7
Q

Describe the cell nucleus.

A

Controls cell growth, division and repair. Contains chromosomes (made of DNA) which carry our genes. Located in both types of cells.

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8
Q

Describe vacuoles.

A

Storage compartments (for water, glucose, starch, gases) within the cell. Located in plant cells, not usually in animal cells.

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9
Q

Describe mitochondria.

A

Miniature powerhouses within the cell. Site of cellular respiration.

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10
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + water ————-(sunlight over chlorophyll) gives glucose + oxygen

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11
Q

What is the word equation for cellular respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen ————-(mitochondria) gives carbon dioxide + water + energy

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12
Q

What are the needs of cells?

A

To get nutrients (glucose, amino acids, minerals…) in, wastes (urea, carbon dioxide) out, water in and out, and oxygen in.

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13
Q

Why do multicellular organisms require specialised cells?

A

Multicellular organisms require specialised cells to carry out all the different functions required to keep us alive.

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14
Q

What is a disease?

A

A disease is an abnormal condition affecting the ability of any of the body’s systems to function normally.

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15
Q

How are specialised cells arranged?

A
  • Tissues (collections of similar cells)
  • Organs
  • Organ systems
  • Multicellular organisms
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16
Q

What are the major organ systems that provide our cells with their needs?

A

Circulatory, respiratory, excretory and digestive systems.

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17
Q

What are the two things disease can be caused by?

A

External factors (such as infectious diseases) or internal dysfunction (such as auto-immune diseases).

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18
Q

What are the two main categories of disease?

A

Infectious diseases and non-infectious diseases.

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19
Q

What are the three types of non-infectious diseases?

A

Deficiency, hereditary and physiological diseases.

20
Q

What is an infectious disease?

A

A disease resulting from the infection, presence and growth of pathogenic biological agents in an individual host organism.

21
Q

What are communicable diseases?

A

Diseases you can catch (same as infectious diseases).

22
Q

What are some ways transmission of pathogens can occur?

A

Physical contact, contaminated food, exchange of bodily fluid, contact with objects, air-borne inhalation or by vector organisms.

23
Q

What is a vector?

A

Any agent (person, animal, microorganism) that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another living organism.

24
Q

What are infectious diseases also known as?

A

Transmissible diseases, which comprise those diseases that are contagious and non-contagious.

25
Q

What are contagious diseases?

A

Diseases that are easily transmitted by physical contact with the person suffering the disease, or by their secretions or objects touched by them.

26
Q

What are non-contagious diseases?

A

Infectious diseases that require a special mode of transmission between hosts - an intermediate or vector species, direct blood contact, or sexual contact.

27
Q

What are the different types of pathogens?

A

Bacteria, viruses, protozoans, prions, fungi and macroparasites.

28
Q

Describe bacteria.

A

Single-celled organisms whose DNA is not contained inside a membrane bound nucleus. It’s typical size is 0.2-5 micrometers. Examples of diseases caused by bacteria are tetanus, cholera, tuberculosis, salmonella, typhoid, golden staph, syphilis, scarlet fever.

29
Q

Describe a virus.

A

Consists of a piece of DNA or RNA wrapped in a protein coat. Viruses cannot reproduce unless inside a host cell. It’s typical size is 20-300 nanometers. Examples of diseases caused by viruses are AIDS, influenza, hepatitis, SARS, measles, herpes, rubella.

30
Q

Describe protozoans.

A

Single-celled organisms whose DNA is inside a membrane bound nucleus. Has no cell wall. Its typical size is 2-200 micrometers. Examples of diseases caused by protozoans are malaria, toxoplasmosis, amoebic dysentery, cryptosporidium, giardia.

31
Q

Describe fungi.

A

Made up of one or more cells that have a cell wall, true nucleus and no chloroplasts. Its typical size varies, from 50 micrometers to much larger. Examples of diseases caused by fungi are thrush, ringworm, athlete’s foot, onychomysis.

32
Q

Describe prions.

A

Incorrectly shaped proteins. Its typical size is 10-200 nanometers. Examples of diseases caused by prions are BSE, kuru, and fatal familial insomnia.

33
Q

Describe macroparasites.

A

Multicellular organisms. Can be seen without a microscope. Include head lice, fleas, flatworms and elephantiasis.

34
Q

In ideal conditions, how quickly can a single bacterium multiply?

A

In under thirty minutes.

35
Q

What are the reasons we feel sick?

A
  • cells of our tissues and organs are killed by pathogens, therefore organs cannot function fully
  • pathogens are in competition with our cells for nutrients
  • waste products may be poisonous (toxins) or they may interfere with our body’s control systems (eg temperature, resulting in fever)
  • immune responses (eg inflammation)
36
Q

How are bacteria classified?

A

According to shape.

37
Q

What is a round bacteria called?

A

Cocci (plural coccus)

38
Q

What is a rod-shaped bacterium called?

A

Bacilli (plural bacillus)

39
Q

What are spiral shaped bacteria called?

A

Spirilla

40
Q

What are bacteria in clumps called?

A

Staphylo _________

41
Q

What are bacteria in a line called?

A

Strepto ________

42
Q

How many lines of defence are there and what do they do?

A

The human body sets up three lines of defence which are natural barriers against pathogens which cause infectious diseases.

43
Q

What is an antiseptic?

A

Capable of preventing infection by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms.

44
Q

What is a disinfectant?

A

An agent, such as heat, radiation or chemical, that inhibits the growth of disease causing microorganisms.

45
Q

Define quarantine.

A

The enforced isolation or restriction of free movement to prevent the spread of contagious diseases.

46
Q

Define sterilisation.

A

The process of removing or killing organisms from a surface or object.

47
Q

Define antibiotic.

A

A substance, such as penicillin, produced by or derived from certain fungi, bacteria or other organisms that destroy or inhibit the growth of disease causing microorganisms.

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