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Medical Physiology > Medical Physiology mid-term > Flashcards

Medical Physiology mid-term Flashcards

1
Q

atom

A

smallest building block of matter- cannot be broken down into simpler substances; made of proton, neutrons, electron.

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2
Q

Name bonds by decreasing strength

A

Covalent bond; ionic bonds; hydrogen bonds; van der waals interactions

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3
Q

Example of polar molecule

A

water; all ions and partially charged molecule; amino acids

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4
Q

Example of non-polar molecule

A

O₂, CO₂, H₂, N₂, Hydrocarbons, cholesterol, triglycerides

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5
Q

________ has a polar component and non-polar component

A

Amphipathic

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6
Q

_________ likes water; is polar or ion

A

Hydrophilic

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7
Q

_________ dislikes water; is non-polar

A

Hydrophobic

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8
Q

Lipophilic

A

likes lipid; is non-polar

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9
Q

Lipophobic

A

does not like lipids; is polar

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10
Q

________ large molecules made up of amino acid molecules attached by ___________

A

Proteins; peptide bonds (specific type of covalent bond)

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11
Q

Change of shape of the protein

A

conformational change

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12
Q

________ protein molecule with attached long, branching chains of carbohydrate.

A

Glycoprotein

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13
Q

Most membrane proteins are ________

A

Glycoprotein

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14
Q

Lipid bilayer membrane

A

made of phospholipids, cholesterol, membrane proteins; impermeable to polar but permeable to nonpolar ( and somewhat permeable to water); Cholesterol increases membrane viscosity by hydrogen bonding with phospholipids.

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15
Q

_______ inside and spanning the bilayer, protein has _______ ________midsection and ________ ends.

A

Intergral membrane protein; hydrophobic alpha-helical: hydrophilic

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16
Q

Examples of Intergral Membrane Proteins

A

Channel; receptors, pumps ( Na⁺/ K⁺ ATPase pump), recognition molecules, enzymes, and sensory transducers

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17
Q

_______ attached to intergral proteins on inside of membrane

A

Peripheral membrane protein

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18
Q

Example of Peripheral membrane proteins

A

Enzymes or other controllers of intracellular function.

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19
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

amount of pressure required to exactly oppose force of osmosis

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20
Q

Movement of molecules across a cell membrane through simple diffusion:

A

no binding to carrier proteins, but can be selective; non-polar & small molecules through membrane ( CO₂, O₂, lipids, alcohol); Polar molecules through channels ( selective by size and charge) including water; Channels can be gated; Voltage gated.

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21
Q

Chemical Gating

A

gate open/ closes when receptor binds with transmitter molecule.

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22
Q

Voltage Gating

A

gate open/ closes when electrical charge across membrane changes

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23
Q

Movement of molecules across a cell membrane through facilitated diffusion

A

involves binding to carrier protein but no ATP used; polar or large molecules goes down concentration gradient; examples glucose and amino acids

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24
Q

Movement of molecules across a cell membrane through active transport

A

ATP used to pump molecules against concentration gradient; Primary active transport; secondary active transport.

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25
Primary active transport
uses ATP to pump against concentration gradient; Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase pumps in all cells of body; Ca²⁺ ATPase; H⁺ ATPase
26
Secondary active transport
concentration gradient of primary active transport used to pump ions against concentration gradient; no ATP used; Co-transport ( Glucose and amino acids into cells with Na⁺); Counter-transport (Ca²⁺ or H⁺ out of cell with Na⁺ in opposite direction)
27
1 Mole =
6.023 * 10²³ molecules
28
Carbohydrates are dietary components that break-up into simple sugars, such as
glucose, fructose, and galactose
29
Carbos in diet are:
sucrose (sugar), lactose (in milk), starches in fruits/vegtables and especially in grains, bread, rice, pasta, potatoes
30
Carbohydrates are
long chains of glucose and glucose-like molecules
31
Digestion begins with ___________ in saliva from parotid glands.
Alpha-amylase
32
Alpha-amylase, and all catabolism of carbos, performed by ___________
hydrolysis
33
saltine cracker will taste _______ after prolong chewing
sugary
34
after the stomach, carbos enter the _______
duodenum
35
Pancrease secretes very strong ________
alpha-amylase
36
Nearly all starches are _________ into __________
hydrolyzed; short chains
37
Enterocytes have these enzymes on their cell membrane (or cell cytoplasm) to break up disaccharides
Lactase, sucrase, maltase, and alpha dextrinase
38
Lactose :
galactose and glucose
39
Sugrase:
fructose and glucose
40
maltase and alpha dextrinase:
glucose
41
Carbos release ____ glucose, ____ galactose, and ____ fructose
80%; 10%; 10%
42
Carbos are absorbed by ________ and transported in ________ to all cells in body
intestinal lining; blood stream
43
Purpose of all glucose metabolism :
glucose break down, and energy released from breaking bonds is used to synthesize ATP from ADP
44
ATP
molecule that is used as energy source for all of the functions of the cell.
45
Glucose Catabolism consists of several steps:
1) Glucose entry into cell and storage as glycogen or immediate use 2) Glycolysis (cytosol) 3) Krebs cycle (mitochondria) 4) Electron transport chain (mitochondria) 5) synthesis of ATP from ADP (mitochondria)
46
Glucose in the blood transported by ____________ on specific transport protein.
facilitated diffusion
47
Rate of facilitated diffusion is determined by _____, which increases transport 10X or more.
Insulin
48
Diabetes caused by destruction of ________ in pancreas that ___________
beta-cell; synthesize insulin
49
In diabetes, people have plenty of blood glucose, but ...
cannot get into the cell
50
Glucose, once inside the cell, is ________ or _________
broken up for energy; stored as glycogen
51
_________ is simply large polymer of glucose
Glycogen
52
Most glycogen stored in _____ and __________
liver; skeletal muscle
53
Glycogensis =
formation of glycogen from glucose
54
Glycogenolysis =
break up glycogen into glucose
55
When action needed, sympathetic stimulated,...
... epinephrin from adrenal medulla activates phosphorylase to stimulate glycogenolysis
56
When blood glucose low, ....
glucagon from pancrease activates phosporylase
57
Insulin Action with carbohydrates causes an increase in _________ &____________ plus a decrease in_________ &__________
Glucose entry into cells, glycogen synthesis; blood glucose, glycogen break down
58
Lack of insulin (diabetes) _________
Increase blood glucose
59
High blood glucose causes these 3 effects.
Glucose in urine, cell dehydration, and blood vessel damage.
60
Blood vessel damage includes what?
Kidney failure, blindness, peripheral neuropathy, gangrene, heart attack, stroke, atherosclerosis.
61
Insulin Action with fat causes an increase in _________ &____________ plus a decrease in_________ &__________
Triglyceride storage in fat, glucose synthesis into fat; triglyceride breakdown, gluconeogenesis.
62
Insulin attaches to the insulin receptor causing ____________.
Increase glucose carrier proteins (Glut-4) on the cell membrane
63
To jump start glycolysis, ________ is needed and _________ is liberated for a net amount of ______
2 ATP; 4 ATP; 2 ATP
64
Pyruvic acid becomes ________. which is the fuel for the Kreb Cycle
Acetly-CoA
65
A waste product from the Krebs cycle is ________
CO₂
66
What valuable by product is produced from Krebs cycle?
2 e⁻ + 2 H⁺ ( as NADH)
67
Electron Transport Chain occurs where?
In the inner membrane of the mitocondrion.
68
How does H⁺ ions get into the intermembrane space during ETC?
e⁻ cause integral membrane proteins to reduce and oxidize, creating energy that is used to actively transport H⁺ into the space between the inner and outer membranes
69
Protein digestion begins in the ...
Stomach
70
______ in the stomach secretes mucus, viscid alkaline substance that provides a 1 mm coating of stomach to protect against stomach acid.
Oxynitic gland
71
Oxynite glands secretes ...
Mucus (neck cell); HCl (parietal cell); Pepsinogen (chief cells)
72
The knob like projection from the mitochondrial inner membrane that produces a tremendous amount of energy
ATP synthetase
72
The enzyme that uses the energy from hydrogen ions to cause conversion of ADP w/ Pi to form ATP in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
ATP synthetase
73
Chemiosmotic mechanism/ gradient
is the creation of ATP through the increased H⁺ ions, creating a positive inner membrane space in relation to the mitochondrial matrix
74
O₂, consumed during respiration, is split, combined with ___________ and _________ to form _______
2 e⁻; 2 H⁺; H₂O
75
Glucose enters the cell membrane through...
facilitated diffusion via specialized transport proteins
76
Glycogen synthesis occurs in ....
all cells, but mostly in muscle and liver cells
77
Glycolysis reaction occurs...
in cytoplasm of the cell by free-floating enzymes
78
Pyruvate reaction takes place...
in the mitochondria matrix through facilitated diffusion
79
Krebs cycle reactions take place...
for the most part in matrix of mitchondria
80
Kreb cycle produces multiple... (waste product)
NAHD + H⁺ and CO₂
81
Kreb cycle produces multiple... (waste product)
NAHD + H⁺ and CO₂
82
In coditions where not enough O₂ avaible for metabolism, ATP ca be produced by _________ only, with citric acid cycle and ___________ shut off.
glycolysis; oxidative phosphorlyation
83
Anaeribic Metabolism occurs:
1) Breathing is stopped 2) Intense excercise (run out of O₂) 3) 5-10 sec. burst of excercise (faster)
84
During anerobic metabolism, increased pyruvate and NADH + H⁺, causes....
pyruvate combines with 2 H⁺ from NADH + H⁺ to form lactic acid
85
lactic acid can diffuse away and remove the excess ______ and ______ so that glycolysis can continue without getting gobbed up with end products.
Pyruvate and NADH + H⁺
86
During Carbohydrate Lack:
blood glucose goes steadily down; decrease in blood glucose causes decrease in insulin release; decreased insulin causing glycogenolysis; gluconeogenesis the fats and proteins; avoid hypoglycemia
87
Blood glucose must be tightly regulated around ....
80- 100 mg/dL
88
Carbohydrate intake causes and increase in blood glucose to ...
120-140 mg/dL
89
Insulin causes the increased blood glucose to...
enter all cells of the body (except brain) to be used for ATP synthesis.
90
Protein digestion begins in the______
Stomach
91
__________ in the stomach secretes mucus, viscid alkaline substance that provides a 1 mm coating of stomach to protect against stomach acids
Oxynitic glands
92
Oxynitic gland secrete:
Mucus (neck cells), HCl (parietal cells), pepsinogen (chief cells)
93
In acidic condition < pH5, pepsinogen...
Is cleaved to smaller pepsin, which is active in hydrolyzing peptide bonds.
94
Activated pepsin digests _____, intercellular connective tissue that encases most of the meats and proteins
Collagen
95
In the small intestine, pancreas secretes__________ that hydrolyze long amino acid chains making a protein
Proteolases
96
Multiple_______ on brush border of small intestine splits into ________, and transported into the bloodstream.
Peptidases; single amino acids
97
Amino acids are absorbed by cells through _____________ very rapidly, mostly in the liver
Facilitated diffusion or active transport
98
In the case of starvation, proteins can ...
be broken, dumped into citric acid cycle or made into glucose thru gluconeogenesis
99
Deamination of amino acids...
In the liver, amino group transferred to alpha-ketoglutaric acid which becomes glutamic acid
101
Deaminated amino acids can be...
Broken up to enter Krebs cycle → ATP Altered to pyruvate → glucose (gluconeogenesis) Fatty Acid
102
After deamination of the amino acid, glutamic acid gives up its ...
2 NH₃ in the liver + CO₂ → urea
103
Type 1 Diabetes
death of beta cells caused by autoimmune and perhaps infection, age at onset <20yrs, plasma insulin low-zero, insulin sensitivity normal, insulin therapy
104
Type 2 diabetes
insulin receptors become insensitive, age at onset >40yrs, plasma insulin normal-high, insulin sensitivity low, weight loss treatment
105
Insulin lack on protein
↓storage, ↑ breakdown → protein wasting
106
Insulin action on protein
↑ protein synthesis + storage | ↓gluconeogenesis
107
During starvation, proteins are "spared" ______
until week 6
108
Mitochondria Structure
Outer membrane, intermembrane space, inner membrane, crista, and matrix
109
Lack of food causes:
↓ blood glucose ↓ insulin ↑glucagon (from pancreas) ↑Increase in Epi (from adrenal gland)
110
During lack of food, what maintains blood glucose levels?
↑ glycogenolysis (breakdown) | ↑ gluconeogenesis of fats/proteins (breakdown)
111
Excess glucose can be converted into _______
fat (triglyceride)
112
Insulin action of carbohydrates
↑ glucose entry into cells ↓blood glucose ↑glycogen synthesis ↓glycogen breakdown
113
Insulin lack on proteins
↑ blood glucose →glucose in urine (polyuria) →cell dehydration ↑thirst →blood vessel damage

Medical Physiology (3 decks)

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