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Medical Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Number of Red Blood Cells in Body

A

25 trillion

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2
Q

Number of cells in the body

A

100 trillion

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3
Q

Portion of body that is fluid

A

60%

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4
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

fluid inside the cell

~ 2/3 of fluid in body

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5
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

fluid outside cells ~ 1/3 of fluid in body
also called “internal environment”
contains ions & nutrients for cells to live

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6
Q

Extracellular fluid contents

A 
sodium (Na)
chloride (Cl)
bicarbonate ions (HCO3)
oxygen (O2)
glucose
fatty acids
amino acids
carbon dioxide (CO2)
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7
Q

Intracellular fluid contents

A

potassium (K)
magnesium (Mg)
phosphate ions (PO4)

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8
Q

homeostasis

A

maintenance of nearly constant conditions in internal environment

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9
Q

Nervous system - Sensory input

A

Somatic (consciously think about)

Autonomic (like baroreceptors for BP)

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10
Q

Nervous system - motor output portion

A

Somatic - motor response - muscle control

Autonomic - automatic, no control, involuntary

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11
Q

Nervous System parts

A
  1. sensory input portion
  2. central nervous system (CNS)
  3. motor output portion
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12
Q

Endocrine glands

A 
Pituitary
Pineal
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Pancreas
Adrenal
Ovary
Testis
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13
Q

Extracellular fluid - Normal Values

A 
Oxygen: 35 - 45 mm Hg
Carbon Dioxide: 35 - 45 mm Hg
Sodium: 138 - 146 mmol/L
Potassium: 3.8 - 5.0 mmol/L
Calcium: 1.0 - 1.4 mmol/L
Chloride: 95 - 105 mEq/L
Bicarbonate: 24 - 32 mmol/L
Glucose: 75 - 95 mg/dl
pH: 7.3 - 7.5
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14
Q

Negative feedback

A

response is opposite of the stimulus

Example: breathing off CO2 when levels are high

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15
Q

Positive feedback

A

response is same direction as stimulus
“Vicious cycle”
Example: uterine contractions

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16
Q

Gain

A

Degree of effectiveness with which a control system maintains constant conditions.

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17
Q

Adaptive Control

A

Delayed negative feedback

Occurs AFTER the muscle movement is over

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18
Q

Normal Oxygen range

A

35 - 45 mm Hg

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19
Q

Normal Carbon dioxide range

A

35 - 45 mm Hg

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20
Q

Normal Potassium range

A

3.8 - 5.0 mmol/L

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21
Q

Normal Calcium range

A

1.0 - 1.4 mmol/L

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22
Q

Normal Chloride range

A

95 - 105 mEq/L

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23
Q

Normal Sodium range

A

138 - 146 mmol/L

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24
Q

Normal Bicarbonate range

A

24 - 32 mmol/L

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25
Normal Glucose range
75 - 95 mg/dl
26
Normal pH range
7.3 - 7.5
27
Protoplasm
``` composed of water electrolytes (ions) proteins lipids carbs ```
28
hydrophilic
polar water-loving dissolves polar molecules and ions
29
hydrophobic
non-polar afraid of water suspended particles
30
ions
``` most important in cell: potassium magnesium phosphate sulfate bicarbonate ```
31
protein types
structural (shape of cell) | functional (enzymes, catalyzing reactions)
32
cell membrane components
proteins - 55% - glycoproteins through cell wall phospholipids - 25% cholesterol - 13% lipids - 4% carbs - 3% - primarily exist as proteoglycans on cell surface
33
diffusion through cell membrane
Yes: CO2, O2, alcohol No: ions, glucose, urea
34
integral protein
extend all the way through the cell membrane
35
peripheral protein
only on one surface of the cell membrane
36
glycocalyx
outer surface of cell imparts negative charge to cells (repel each other) may attach cells to each other act as receptors for substances served in immune response (identifies foreign or nativee)
37
Endoplasmic reticulum
a system of membranes found in cell's cytoplasm that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins (rough ER) & lipids (smooth ER)
38
Ribosome
synthesize protein molecules
39
golgi apparatus
process vesicles received from ER | forms lysosomes, secretory vesicles
40
peroxisomes
produced by self-replication (not from Golgi) bud from smooth ER form oxidases and catalases
41
mitochondria
energy maker of cell | contains DNA for self-replication
42
filaments
provide structure for the cell actin tubulin microtubules - form a cytoskeleton
43
nucleus
location of DNA genes
44
cell ingestion mechanisms
diffusion active transport endocytosis (pino & phago)
45
pinocytosis
ingestion of minute quantities of extracellular fluid and dissolved substances 1. receptor in a coated pit lined w/ clatharin, actin, & myosin 2. entire pit invaginates inward 3. pinocytotic vesicle floats in cytoplasm
46
phagocytocis
``` Ingestion of larger particles Performed by "professional phagocytes" - Macrophages - Neutrophils - Dendritic cells (in skin) ```
47
Endocyctosis
1. Lysosomes attach to vesicles formed by pino- or phagocytosis (forms a phagolysosome). 2. Products of digestion diffuse through vesicle membrane into cytoplasm. 3. Residual body undergoes exocytosis
48
Ameboid locomotion
movement of the entire cell body | prompted by chemotactic substances
49
Ciliary movement
Caused by whip-like movement of cilia on cell surface Dependent on source of ATP, and Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions Found in 2 main places: 1. Respiratory tract 2. Fallopian tubes
50
Name types of bonds, in decreasing order of strength, that bound groups of atoms.
Covalent; ionic; hydrogen; Van der Waals interactions.
51
Polar Molecule
has a full charge (ions) or has partial negative and positive sides
52
Non-polar molecule
has no charge and does not have partial positive or negative sides
53
Polar or non-polar: amino acids
Polar
54
Polar or non-polar: Cholesterol
Non-polar
55
Polar or non-polar: Triglycerides
Non-polar
56
Amphipathic molecules
has a polar component and and non-polar component
57
Three examples of amphipathic molecules
Phospholipids; soaps; bile salts
58
Hydrophobic
dislikes water; is non-polar
59
Lipophilic
likes lipids; in non-polar
60
Lipophobic
dislikes lipids; is polar
61
the change in shape of the protein
Conformational change
62
Glycoprotein
protein molecule with attached long, branching chains of carbohydrate.
63
3 ways molecules move across cell membrane
Simple diffusion; facilitated diffusion; active diffusion
64
Protoplasm
``` composed of water electrolytes (ions) proteins lipids carbs ```
65
Endoplasmic reticulum
a system of membranes found in cell's cytoplasm that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins (rough ER) & lipids (smooth ER)
66
DNA nitrogenous bases
Purines Adenine & Guanine Pyrimidines Thymine & Cytosine Goofy way to remember: The AGgies are PURe (A & G are PURines)
67
Number of genes in human body
23,000

Medical Physiology (3 decks)

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