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Medical Physiology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Number of Red Blood Cells in Body

A

25 trillion

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2
Q

Number of cells in the body

A

100 trillion

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3
Q

Portion of body that is fluid

A

60%

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4
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

fluid inside the cell

~ 2/3 of fluid in body

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5
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

fluid outside cells ~ 1/3 of fluid in body
also called “internal environment”
contains ions & nutrients for cells to live

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6
Q

Extracellular fluid contents

A 
sodium (Na)
chloride (Cl)
bicarbonate ions (HCO3)
oxygen (O2)
glucose
fatty acids
amino acids
carbon dioxide (CO2)
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7
Q

Intracellular fluid contents

A

potassium (K)
magnesium (Mg)
phosphate ions (PO4)

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8
Q

homeostasis

A

maintenance of nearly constant conditions in internal environment

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9
Q

Nervous system - Sensory input

A

Somatic (consciously think about)

Autonomic (like baroreceptors for BP)

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10
Q

Nervous system - motor output portion

A

Somatic - motor response - muscle control

Autonomic - automatic, no control, involuntary

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11
Q

Nervous System parts

A
  1. sensory input portion
  2. central nervous system (CNS)
  3. motor output portion
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12
Q

Endocrine glands

A 
Pituitary
Pineal
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Pancreas
Adrenal
Ovary
Testis
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13
Q

Extracellular fluid - Normal Values

A 
Oxygen: 35 - 45 mm Hg
Carbon Dioxide: 35 - 45 mm Hg
Sodium: 138 - 146 mmol/L
Potassium: 3.8 - 5.0 mmol/L
Calcium: 1.0 - 1.4 mmol/L
Chloride: 95 - 105 mEq/L
Bicarbonate: 24 - 32 mmol/L
Glucose: 75 - 95 mg/dl
pH: 7.3 - 7.5
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14
Q

Negative feedback

A

response is opposite of the stimulus

Example: breathing off CO2 when levels are high

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15
Q

Positive feedback

A

response is same direction as stimulus
“Vicious cycle”
Example: uterine contractions

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16
Q

Gain

A

Degree of effectiveness with which a control system maintains constant conditions.

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17
Q

Adaptive Control

A

Delayed negative feedback

Occurs AFTER the muscle movement is over

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18
Q

Normal Oxygen range

A

35 - 45 mm Hg

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19
Q

Normal Carbon dioxide range

A

35 - 45 mm Hg

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20
Q

Normal Potassium range

A

3.8 - 5.0 mmol/L

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21
Q

Normal Calcium range

A

1.0 - 1.4 mmol/L

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22
Q

Normal Chloride range

A

95 - 105 mEq/L

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23
Q

Normal Sodium range

A

138 - 146 mmol/L

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24
Q

Normal Bicarbonate range

A

24 - 32 mmol/L

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25
Q

Normal Glucose range

A

75 - 95 mg/dl

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26
Q

Normal pH range

A

7.3 - 7.5

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27
Q

Protoplasm

A 
composed of 
 water
 electrolytes (ions)
 proteins
 lipids
 carbs
28
Q

hydrophilic

A

polar
water-loving
dissolves polar molecules and ions

29
Q

hydrophobic

A

non-polar
afraid of water
suspended particles

30
Q

ions

A 
most important in cell:
 potassium
 magnesium
 phosphate
 sulfate
 bicarbonate
31
Q

protein types

A

structural (shape of cell)

functional (enzymes, catalyzing reactions)

32
Q

cell membrane components

A

proteins - 55% - glycoproteins through cell wall
phospholipids - 25%
cholesterol - 13%
lipids - 4%
carbs - 3% - primarily exist as proteoglycans on cell surface

33
Q

diffusion through cell membrane

A

Yes: CO2, O2, alcohol

No: ions, glucose, urea

34
Q

integral protein

A

extend all the way through the cell membrane

35
Q

peripheral protein

A

only on one surface of the cell membrane

36
Q

glycocalyx

A

outer surface of cell
imparts negative charge to cells (repel each other)
may attach cells to each other
act as receptors for substances
served in immune response (identifies foreign or nativee)

37
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

a system of membranes found in cell’s cytoplasm that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins (rough ER) & lipids (smooth ER)

38
Q

Ribosome

A

synthesize protein molecules

39
Q

golgi apparatus

A

process vesicles received from ER

forms lysosomes, secretory vesicles

40
Q

peroxisomes

A

produced by self-replication (not from Golgi)
bud from smooth ER

form oxidases and catalases

41
Q

mitochondria

A

energy maker of cell

contains DNA for self-replication

42
Q

filaments

A

provide structure for the cell
actin
tubulin
microtubules - form a cytoskeleton

43
Q

nucleus

A

location of DNA genes

44
Q

cell ingestion mechanisms

A

diffusion
active transport
endocytosis (pino & phago)

45
Q

pinocytosis

A

ingestion of minute quantities of extracellular fluid and dissolved substances

  1. receptor in a coated pit lined w/ clatharin, actin, & myosin
  2. entire pit invaginates inward
  3. pinocytotic vesicle floats in cytoplasm
46
Q

phagocytocis

A 
Ingestion of larger particles
Performed by "professional phagocytes"
 - Macrophages
 - Neutrophils
 - Dendritic cells (in skin)
47
Q

Endocyctosis

A
  1. Lysosomes attach to vesicles formed by pino- or phagocytosis (forms a phagolysosome).
  2. Products of digestion diffuse through vesicle membrane into cytoplasm.
  3. Residual body undergoes exocytosis
48
Q

Ameboid locomotion

A

movement of the entire cell body

prompted by chemotactic substances

49
Q

Ciliary movement

A

Caused by whip-like movement of cilia on cell surface
Dependent on source of ATP, and Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions
Found in 2 main places:
1. Respiratory tract
2. Fallopian tubes

50
Q

Name types of bonds, in decreasing order of strength, that bound groups of atoms.

A

Covalent; ionic; hydrogen; Van der Waals interactions.

51
Q

Polar Molecule

A

has a full charge (ions) or has partial negative and positive sides

52
Q

Non-polar molecule

A

has no charge and does not have partial positive or negative sides

53
Q

Polar or non-polar: amino acids

A

Polar

54
Q

Polar or non-polar: Cholesterol

A

Non-polar

55
Q

Polar or non-polar: Triglycerides

A

Non-polar

56
Q

Amphipathic molecules

A

has a polar component and and non-polar component

57
Q

Three examples of amphipathic molecules

A

Phospholipids; soaps; bile salts

58
Q

Hydrophobic

A

dislikes water; is non-polar

59
Q

Lipophilic

A

likes lipids; in non-polar

60
Q

Lipophobic

A

dislikes lipids; is polar

61
Q

the change in shape of the protein

A

Conformational change

62
Q

Glycoprotein

A

protein molecule with attached long, branching chains of carbohydrate.

63
Q

3 ways molecules move across cell membrane

A

Simple diffusion; facilitated diffusion; active diffusion

64
Q

Protoplasm

A 
composed of
water
electrolytes (ions)
proteins
lipids
carbs
65
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

a system of membranes found in cell’s cytoplasm that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins (rough ER) & lipids (smooth ER)

66
Q

DNA nitrogenous bases

A

Purines
Adenine & Guanine
Pyrimidines
Thymine & Cytosine

Goofy way to remember:
The AGgies are PURe (A & G are PURines)

67
Q

Number of genes in human body

A

23,000

Medical Physiology (3 decks)

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