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Medical Microbiology 133 > Medical Microbiology (lecture 5-8) > Flashcards

Medical Microbiology (lecture 5-8) Flashcards

1
Q

Viruses

A

Infectious Particles, but not living cells

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2
Q

How are viruses transmitted

A

transmitted from host to host throughout blood transfusions, mucus exchange

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3
Q

Do viruses contain RNA or DNA, or both?

A

it contains one or the other, NOT both

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4
Q

Do Bacteria contain RNA or DNA, or both?

A

ALWAYS both

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5
Q

Bacteriophages

A

Viruses that infect bacterial cells and can transfer new genes from one bacteria to another

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6
Q

Classifying viruses

A

Viruses are grouped into families on basis of DNA/RNA composition and structure

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7
Q

6 DNA Viruses

A 
Hepadnaviridae (hepatitis B virus
Herpesviridae (HSV-1, HSV-2 HHV-3(chicken pox….)
Adenoviridae (adenovirus)
Papillomaviridae (HPV)
Poxviridae (smallpox, monkeypox etc)
Parvoviridae (B-19)
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8
Q

4 RNA viruses

A
  1. Retroviridae (HIV)
  2. Flaviviridae (Yellow fever virus, West Nile virus)
  3. Orthomyxoviridae (Influenza A,B,C)
  4. Picornoviridae (Enterovirus)
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9
Q

what are the 3 events in Viral Infections

A
  1. Attachment and penetration into host cell
  2. Replication of the genome
  3. Assembly and release of new viruses.
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10
Q

DNA virus replication

A

Host cell DNA polymerase may be used directly to make more DNA viruses

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11
Q

RNA virus replication

A

Virus may carry its own RNA polymerase enzyme to produce RNA from viral RNA

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12
Q

RNA retrovirus (HIV) replication

A

Carries its own reverse trancsriptase enzyme in the virus capsid

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13
Q

Capsid

A

Protein coat

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14
Q

Antiviral drug: Fuzeon

A

stops entry (fusion) of HIV into cells

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15
Q

Antiviral drug: Acyclovir

A

Stops replication of herpes viruses by interfering with the viral DNA polymerase

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16
Q

Antiviral drug: HART (highly active antiretroviral therapy)

A

Combination of antiviral drugs used to stop replication of HIV. Helps prevent resistance of drugs)

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17
Q

Antiviral drug: TamiFlu (oseltamivir)

A

stops budding/release of influenza viruses from host cell.

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18
Q

Acute or productive infections

A

viruses that replicate to produce many virion

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19
Q

Latent Infections

A

Viral genome persists in host cell but DOES NOT replicate

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20
Q

Chronic infections

A

virus replicates without causing host cell lysis (rupture) and can persist for a long period of time.

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21
Q

oncengenic viruses

A

Transforms normal host cels to cancer cells

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22
Q

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

A

Molecular biology technique used to detect the genes in an organism

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23
Q

How do you detect Influenza A

A

FA stain (fluorescent Antibody)

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24
Q

Prions

A

Misfolded proteins that act as infectious agents in susceptible exposed animals.

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25
protozoa
One celled eukaryote
26
Metazoa
Multicellular animals
27
Ectoparasites
parasites that live outside its host
28
Characteristics of Protozoa
They have a cyst with a tough layer that acts as protection from the inhospitable environment.
29
Entamoeba histolytica (Protozoa)
- an agent of dysentery | - cysts high degree of resistance to chlorine
30
Giardia lamblia (Protozoa)
- flagellate; causative agent of giardiasis, "beaver fever- " - cysts hardy, high resistance to chlorine. - treated with antibiotics
31
Trichmonas vaginalis (Protozoa)
- flagellate, motile | - NO cysts stage, person to person infection sexually
32
Acanthamoeba (Protozoa)
- grows in water, exists as cysts in dust | - Cysts stage in humans
33
Cryptosporidium (Protozoa)
- interaction between cat, dog, cow, rat to person | - oocysts have high resistance to chlorine
34
Toxoplasma gondii (Protozoa)
- life cycle in cats | - oocysts within cat feces
35
Trypanosoma (Protozoa)
-Blood parasite, transmission mostly vectors(bugs)
36
Leishmania (Protozoa)
- Leishmania species | - live and develop in macrophages (immune cells)
37
Plasmodium (Protozoa), and its 4 types
- cause of malaria 1. P. falciparum 2. P. malariae 3. P. Ovale 4. P. vivax
38
affect P. falciparum has on the body
- Targets infection in the liver - TARGETS ALL RED BLOOD CELLS - Carries the sporozoite in saliva, this enters the bloodstream and within 30 min, targets the liver cells
39
Nematodes
Roundworms with complete digestive systems including mouth, intestine and anus.
40
Enterobius Vermicularis (pinworm)
- spends it's whole life cycle in humans - live in large intestine of humans, moves t the anus to lay eggs - transmitted by direct contact with eggs or ingestion of eggs stirred up in dust.
41
Ascaris Lubricoides
- Live in small intestine of pigs, cows, horses | - infection in eggs
42
Hookworms
- infection by larvae, enter intact skin of bare feet | - sucks blood and excretes eggs
43
Anisakis
Fish nematodes, accidentally infects humans in larvae form | -rare infection found in raw fish
44
Trichinella Spiralis
- ingestion of encysted larvae in uncooked boar, pork, bear, and walrus - encysts in striated muscle fibres
45
Blood Nematodes infections
- Lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis)- adult worm lives in lymph tissues - Onchocerciasis (river blindness)- adult worms and micro-filariae live and travel in subcutaneous tissues
46
Trematodes
Flukes or leaf shaped parasites
47
Schistosoma
Adult worms that hide from host immune system under a coat of protein acquired fro the host -Infects human through the cercariae penetrating intact skin in fresh water ponds.
48
3 types of Schistosoma
1. S. haematobium :urinary inflammation 2. S. japoncium: intestinal parasite 3. S. Mansoni: Intestinal parasite
49
swimmers itch
Schistosoma that does not enter the circulatory system , resulting in skin irritation.
50
Cestodes
- Intestinal parasite (tapeworms), dependant of hosts nutrients. - has hooks and suckers to attach to gastric mucosa - acquired by eating inadequately cooked meats
51
Taenia Saginata (beef tapeworm)
- Life cycle acquires both human and cattle | - infectious tissue larvae ingested by humans in infected meats
52
Taenia Solium (pork tapeworm)
- life cycle acquires both human and pig - More dangerous than beef tapeworm, person to person transmission. eggs: hatch and travel penetrating body tissues larvae: adult worm in intestines.
53
Echinococcus Granulosus (dog tapeworm)
- small tapeworm, humans are dead end hosts | - larvae develops into a hydatid cyst with hundreds of worm parts but cannot form a whole worm in humans
54
C. Ectoparasites
- secondary infection due to scratching | - Live in skin, do not enter deep tissues
55
Scabies
- parasites live on finger webs, elbows, armpits, breasts and around the groin and anus - hosts react and cause inflammation around burrows
56
Phthirus pubis (Pubic lice or Crabs) and Pediculus humanus (Head lice)
- Surface dwellers - penetrate skin with mouth, blood suckers - attach to hair shafts
57
Fungi
Important as Nosocomial infections and Opportunistic infections of immunocompromised.
58
Ergosterol
- Located within the plasma membrane of a eukaryotic cell | - when production of ergosterol stops, replication of cholesterol stops
59
Molds
- Body of fungi called "thallus". - Coenocytic hyphae- cells are not separated - Septate hyphae- cells are separated
60
Yeast
- Oval or spherical in shape - Reproduces by budding off mother cell - capable of facultative anaerobic growth.
61
Cryptococcus neoformans
Yeast infections that causes meningitis and leukaemia
62
Thermally Dimorphic
-Mold 20 c -Yeast 37 c Dimorphic fungi are NOT infectious from one person to another, mold form is spread by fungal "spores" in air
63
dimorphism
- Temperature dependant | - pathogenic species grow as molds at lower temperature and yeast at body temperature.
64
Sporothrix (subcutaneous infection)
- Dimorphic, aka. Rode garden disease | - fungal spores introduced to the wounds after trauma.
65
Lymphangitis
- inflammation of the walls within the lymphatic vessels or channels. - causes ulcers as the disease progresses.
66
fungal reproduction
Formation of spores (bacterial-like, not spores) called conidia are important for microscopic identification
67
fungal nutrition
- less nutritionally demanding | - grows better in extreme aerobic conditions
68
Fungal diseases
- fungal diseases are called: Mycoses(singular) Mycosis (plural)
69
Superficial Mycoses
- Less severe - fungal infections along surface of hair shafts and outer layer of skin - Discolouration caused my Malassezia furfur
70
Cutaneous Mycoses
- Medium severity - fungal infection of deeper layers of the epidermis - includes clinical diseases that are called tineas
71
Systematic Mycoses
-Most severe -infection in deep tissues (organs) -caused by primary pathogens such as Histoplasma capsulatum coccidioides immitis canadida albicans
72
Opportunistic fungal pathogens
- Fungi being the common cause of infections in immunocompromised individuals. - infects people with debilitating lung diseases and immunocompromised
73
Candidiasis Albicans
causes vulvo-vaginal candidiasis and thrush (occurs in newborns, immunocompromised and in people who have been treated with "broad spectrum" antibiotics)
74
Antiseptic
disinfectant used on skin
75
Aseptic technique
use of method to exclude microorganism
76
Bactericidal
Kills bacteria
77
Bacteriostatic
inhibits growth of bacteria, doesn't kill
78
disinfectant
Chemical used to destroy many microorganisms and viruses
79
Fungicides
kills fungi
80
pasteurization
Heat treatment used to reduce the numbers of organisms and to kill pathogenic organisms
81
Sanitization
reduction of the number of organisms to the level that meets public health standards
82
Sterilization
destruction of all forms of microorganisms, including spores
83
Virucides
inactivates viruses
84
Ventilation
-Ultra clean air
85
Positive pressure ventilation
air from corridor cannot get into room (high -> low )
86
Negative pressure ventilation
air from room cannot get into corridor (low-> high)
87
Heat sterilization
-hot air (160-180) for 1-2 Hours
88
Autoclaving
- moist heat oven | - 121 degree.C, 15 p/si
89
Spore test
indicates spore growth by the change in pH of the ampule growth mega seen as a ocular changes as the spread has germinated and the growing vegetative bacteria is using nutrients. - purple(sterile) - yellow (germinated, growing bacteria)
90
Ring worms
- Fungal infection of the epidermis | - cased by dermatophytes

Medical Microbiology 133 (2 decks)

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