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Medical Microbiology 133 > Medical Microbiology 133 (Lecture 1-4) > Flashcards

Medical Microbiology 133 (Lecture 1-4) Flashcards

1
Q

5 Major Categories of Microbiology?

A

Bacteriology- Study of Bacteria
Virology- Study of Viruses
Mycology-Study of lung and yeast
Parasitology- study of profonzoa (Amoeba), etc
Immunology- study of immunity (resistance of infections)

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2
Q

Two types of bacteria

A

Gram Positive

Gram Negative

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3
Q

What are examples of a Eurkarya

A 
Fungi
Animals
Amoeba
plants
Micropora
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4
Q

what shape are cocci’s

A

Spherical, oval, round shaped

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5
Q

what is Staphylococci

A

Irregular grape-like shape (spheres)

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6
Q

what is Streptococci

A

chains (sphere)

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7
Q

What is Enterococci

A

Gram positive cocci arranged in pairs

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8
Q

What is Diplococci

A

Pairs of cocci

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9
Q

what shape are Bacilli’s?

A

Gram- Positive rod-shaped

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10
Q

What is Diplobacilli?

A

pair arranged side by side

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11
Q

What is Sreptobacilli?

A

rods arranged in a chain

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12
Q

What is coccobacilli?

A

Single rods

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13
Q

4 steps to Gram staining

A
  1. add crystal violet (primary stain)
  2. add iodine (mordant)
  3. decolourize with acetone/ alcohol.
  4. add counterstain (safranin)
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14
Q

what is gram staining?

A

technique used to differentiate two large groups of bacteria based on their different cell wall constituents. Gram positive and Gram Negative.

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15
Q

what is Meningitis?

A

The inflammation of the meninges . covering the brain and spinal cord.

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16
Q

what is Neisseria Meningitis (meningococci) ?

A

Gram-Negative bacterium that causes meningitis.

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17
Q

How can meningitis be transferred?

A

Droplet transmission: coughing, sneezing and through exchange of saliva.

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18
Q

what is Meningococcal meningitis? and it’s symptoms

A
  1. inflammation/ infection of the meninges.

2. Headache, stiff neck, nausea, sore throat, coma, and photosensitivity.

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19
Q

what is Meningococcal sepsis? and it’s symptoms

A
  1. Replication of bacteria within the bloodstream.

2. fever, decolorization of the skin, shock, hemorrhage.

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20
Q

what are diagnosis for meningitis?

A
  • take CSF (cerebral spinal fluid) and/or blood samples
  • Gram stain CSF and report to physician
  • culture and/or EIA, PCR
  • serogroup for epidemiology and to determine antibiotic type needed
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21
Q

what are types of meningitis vaccines

A
  • Polysaccharide (antibodies)
  • Conjugated: polysaccharide combined with a protein good for individuals who can’t make antibodies efficiently.
  • Type B vaccine based on proteins in the cell wall NOT the capsule
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22
Q

What is Prokaryote (before nucleus)?

A

Small unicellular Bacterial organism

All proteins begin with the special amino acid, formylmethionine.

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23
Q

what is Eukaryote (nucleus)?

A
  • Fungi, plant cells, protozoa, human cells

- All proteins begin with the amino acid, Methionine

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24
Q

what color is a Gram Negative Bacteria?

A

pink or red

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25
what colour is a Gram positive bacteria?
blue or purple
26
Ziehl-Neelsen or “acid-fast” stain
Used for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) and a few other organisms with high lipid/wax content in cell wall
27
what is a Flagella
A motion Organelle
28
What are Fimbrae/ pili?
Attachment and sex pilus: transfer of DNA.
29
what is Peptidoglycan?
lattice structure like a mesh
30
what is Lipopolysaccharide(LPS)?
outer membrane (only G-)
31
What is Teichoic and Lipoteichoic acids
membrane (only G+)
32
what are Endopores?
resting cells: genetic material within a hard coat, resistant to heat, drying, UV radiation, chemicals (function in bacteria is for survival)
33
what is Clostridium difficile?
A major cause of nosocomial infection globally. | >Nosocomial- Hospital acquired and healthcare institution
34
how do you treat C. difficile?
Conventional- Antibiotics like vancomycin and metronidazole. Nonconventional- Probiotics, Fecal implants (best success rate of all treatments)
35
what are endotoxins?
Lipids A in Lipopolysaccharides (Lps)
36
what is an endotoxin?
endotoxin is part of the cell structure-anchored in the outer membrane. consisted of lipids
37
what are exotoxins?
Tetanus toxins, botulinum (botox)
38
What is he role of an exotoxin?
produced by bacterial cell (ribosomes synthesis) jumps from cell to cell to damage them.
39
what is metabolism?
sum total of chemical reactions within an organism.
40
differences between anabolic and catabolic?
Anabolic stores energy. | catabolic releases energy.
41
what purpose does aerobic respiration have?
produces more ATP with the presents of oxygen.
42
What are Obligated aerobes
oxygen dependant bacteria
43
what is anaerobic respiration
reduced ATP due to absence of oxygen.
44
what are Obligated anaerobes?
oxygen independent bacteria.
45
what is fermentation?
other uses of glucose
46
bacteria's affected by temperature
- psychrophiles (-5 to +15ºC) - psychrotrophs (20-30°C) (i.e. Listeria) - mesophiles (25-45°C) - thermophiles (45-70°) - hyperthermophiles (70-110°C)
47
what is the average pH?
5-8 usual activity zone for human pathogens.
48
what is a Hypotonic solution?
fewer particles/ml in solution than in the inside of a cell. Water then enters the cell to even the osmolality (concentration of particles/ml) – and causes the cell to expand and explode.
49
what is Hypertonic solution?
more particles/ml in solution than in the cell. Water leaves the inside of the cell causing the cell to dehydrate, cell membrane to collapse.
50
what is obligated halophiles?
need HIGH salt concentration.
51
what is an Intracellular organisms and what do they do?
Facultative intracellular parasites are capable of living and reproducing either inside or outside cells. does the evade defence mechanism.
52
what is Listeria monocytogenes?
Gram positive bacillus, non-spore forming. Salt to preserve food and bacteria. But, Listeria could grow regardless
53
what is listeriosis?
Causes diseases in man and animal. in animals: CNS (central nervous system) In man: Food borne disease, CNS infection/ death, Abortion
54
what is Epidemiology?
the branch of medicine that deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health.
55
what is generation time?
the time for one bacterium to divide into two
56
what are the phases of growth kinetic?
Lag phase- makes sure they have enzymes and machinery in the right place Log phase- most rapid growth increase (insulin and antibiotics to have good success rates) Stationary phase- stabilization, don't gain or lose. Who nutrients run out Death phase- when sugar have been metabolize, acid grows and kills the bacteria resulting in decrease of bacteria
57
what are biofilms?
Bacterium's that live in communities on the surface of cells, clumping together to create infections.
58
what is hemolysis?
the breakdown of blood cells in agar plates.
59
3 types of streptococci?
Alpha α: partial breakdown of RBC (greening) around & under colony. Beta ß: total breakdown (clearing) of RBC around & under colony. Gamma γ: no breakdown of RBCs around or under colony.
60
what is selective media?
suppress growth of unwanted bacteria and support growth of desired bacteria (helps us find pathogens)
61
what is differential media?
ingredients in media allow us to tentatively identify bacteria, at least into major groups (most bacteria will grow)
62
immunocompromised
having the immune system impaired or weakened (as by drugs or illness)

Medical Microbiology 133 (2 decks)

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